Environmental Conditions - CH. 6 Flashcards
in the event of heat stress - why would having the sickle cell trait be of concern?
RBC don’t carry as much oxygen as they should
distorted shape increases the likelihood of clogs in the blood stream - can lead to ischemia to different parts of the body - leads to stroke, heart attacks and/or death
adding hyperthermia to the mix of things decreases performance and increases risk of above
what are the factors that cause the “sickling” of the RBC?
acidosis
hyperthermia
dehydration of RBC
severe hypoxemia
factors/ mechanisms that affect body temperature
metabolic heat production - intensity of activity
conductive heat exchange - physical contact with objects
convection - mvmnt of air and water around us
radiation - sun beaming down at us during activity
evaporative heat loss - depends on amount of sweating one produces
what is a concern with having a football practice in an area that is 80% humidity and is in the month of June?
in order for the sweat to evaporate, the air around us must be mostly free from H2O
heat loss/ evaporation impaired at - 65%
evaporation STOPS 75% humidity
the ability for the athletes to cool off are impaired and are more susceptible to heat-related illness
an athlete comes to you on the sideline looking like a hot mess - their hands and/ feet are swollen, they feel like they need to throw up, they’re telling you that their headache has been getting worse but they weren’t hit in the head or anything. The claimed they’ve been trying to drink as much water throughout practice but it doensn’t seem to be helping - what condition do you think this athlete has? how would you mng?
hyponatremia
mng: delay rehydration, refer to advanced medial care immediately
when replenishing the gatorade drinks prior to a practice what should the recommended amount of electrolytes to water ratio be?
if the drink has at least 6% carbs, then diluting the drink is not needed (14g/ 1 cup of water)
concentrations of >8% slows gastric emptying
as such, if a regular packet of gatorade is about 13% carbs - the drink must be diluted to have at least half of the bottle
if your team decides to go to Hawaii for their training camp - what could you suggest as a way for the team to properly acclimatize to the weather?
travel there at a week or two before the start of training camp (ideally 2/3)
modify amount of equipment being used over the first couple days (at least considered) - move to heavier clothes as acclimatization progresses
1st 5-6 days of practice: 2 hr slots @ morning & night
2 hr sessions ideally consists of: 20 min work followed by 20 minute rest in shade
if you were in charge of weighing players before and after practice? what does a 2% decrease in fluid relative to BW tell you?
they could be severely dehydrated at that point - replenish fluids asap
they must be taken out of practice until normal BW has returned
according to the wetbulb globe temperature index - what should the “recommended” precautionary actions be for the following temperature readings (assuming you’re working in direct sunlight):
>80 80-85 85-88 88-90 >90
> 80 (white) : no precautions
80-85( green) : at least 15 mins worth of breaks/ hour
85-88(yellow): at least 30 mins worth of breaks/hour
88-90(red): at least 40 mins worth of breaks/hour
90 (black): at least 45 mins worth of breaks/hour
an athlete has passed by you on the sideline and you notice that their face is a lot more “redder” than usual and you notice little bumps on their skin on their arms. You’ve been practicing in the direct sun for at least an hour, what might you suspect?
heat rash
mng: towel the body dry
tx for heat syncope
lay the person down in a cool shady area
replace fluids
elevate extremities
what has likely caused an athlete to go into exercise-associated heat cramps?
traditional theory: water and electrolyte imbalances
current evidence: altered NMC due to overload and fatigue of the mm (mm spindle activation increases as mm fatigue starts - causing increased contraction)
however adequate work: rest ratios and fluid replacement are still recommended in tx
tx for heat exhaustion
remove from play to cool shady area
ice packs at armpit, b/w thighs, behind head, forehead
you see athlete who looks like they have no idea what’s going on - they’re disoriented. They’re not sweating and their skin is hot and dry. They have trouble breathing and their pulse is stupidly high - what might you suspect? how to mng?
heat stroke
refer EMS immediately
immersion in cool bath (neck level) - w/in 30 min of heat stroke episode
OR
cool sponge bath with a fan
***must be cleared with physician within 7-21 days
It’s a sunny/hot afternoon and an athlete comes to you complaining of muscle pain (you notice their muscles are super rigid) after exercise, they have a hard time breathing - what might you suspect? mng?
malignant hyperthermia - hypersensitivity to anaesthesia and hot environments where the temperature of the muscles increases faster than the core temp - lead to destruction of muscles
these athletes must be disqualified from competing in hot environments
It’s a hot and humid afternoon. This particular day the coach is making the athletes do a bunch of suicide lines after every drill if they screw up. After the practice, an athlete complains of fatigue, weakness and a bit of swelling in the extremities. They went to go to the washroom and they’ve disclosed that they had dark urine - they are concerned as to what’s happening to them. What might you suspect?
Acute exertional rhabomyolysis - sudden desctruction of skeletal mm - leads to mm proteins & enzymes into the vascular system - overloads the kidneys = possible renal failure
refer to EMS immediately
what are the factors that increases the likelihood of a person getting hypothermia?
wind chill
dampness (being close to ocean vs. being in prairie dryness)
what is the majority of your heat loss attributed to?
radiation - 65%
evaporation 20%
at what temperature does shivering cease to exist and at what temp. indicates imminent death?
if core body temperature reaches:
shivering ceases at (29 - 32 C) imminent death (25 - 29 C)
way to prevent hypothermia, especially practicing in the cold?
sweat wicking material (thin layers that can be removed easily to prevent dampness of clothing)
ideally recommended to wear one layer of clothing for every 5mph winds (esp if the weather is below 0 C)
with a person with mild hypothermia, how should you mng?
what is contraindicated?
transport to warm dry area and remove damp clothing
put hot packs on trunk, axilla, chest wall, groin
food and fluids 6-8% carbs to promote more shivering
CONTRAINDICATED:
do not massage extremities - causes an ‘afterdrop affect’ where the cool blood from the extremities starts to cool the core temp.)
after a long run in the cold (you are wearing shorts and just an under armour shirt) you start to experience redness at your thighs and all exposed areas of your skin. There’s pain and tingling at your fingers and toes - what could you be experiencing? how do you mng?
chillbains
remove wet clothing
NO friction massage
leave blisters alone
what is the general management for someone experiencing HAPE or HACE?
move them to a lower altitude that’s tolerable and give oxygen if you can**
if you know of someone in your crew who has the sickle cell trait and you’re currently on your way to hiking mnt Kilimanjaro, what should you be concerned about?
they’re already have a decreased amount of oxygen in their RBC - they’re going to starve themselves from oxygen even more
irregularity of their shape causes an increase likelihood of clotting - may cause enlarged spleens and may be more prone to ruptures at higher alt.
if a sunscreen bottle reads that it has 35 SPF, what does that mean?
you can be exposed to UV light 35x longer with the sunscreen than without it
you’re at the soccer field and you see lightning in the background and hear thunder approximately 15 sec after? what is the best course of action?
assume you’re in immediate danger - encourage the game to stop and seek safe protective shelter immediately
hearing thunder can indicate that the lightning is close enough to be a potential danger
what if you’re at a field that has no safe indoor shelter - what other options do you have?
full metal cars, buses, vans are safe
AVOID: flagpoles, open dugouts, nonmetal picnic table , rain shelters, and storage sheds
difference between weather “watch” and “warning”
watch - potential of worsening of weather is unclear but have a plan in motion
warning - imminent storm, high probability that it will happen
what is the cut off that officials must use in order to give enough time for athletes, coaches and parents to evacuate to safe shelter?
if a thunderstorm that is producing lightning within the radius of 5.75 miles
what is the recommended return to play after a storm?
sometimes unclear
recommendation:
30 min after the last strike (resets after subsequent lightning strike) OR lighting strike is considered outside of 5.75 mile radius AND after the last thunder sound is heard
name the 2 types of air pollution and what they comprise of
photochemical haze:
NO2 + stagnant air + acted on by sunlight = ozone
smog:
carbon monoxide
sulfer dioxide
burned fossil fuels (coal)
when is ozone at its highest? how does this affect performance?
increased temperature and sunlight
decreases output of performance **Asthmatics can be greatly affected by this
what may help a person if they’ve been exposed to too much sulphur dioxide?
nasal breathing may help
what must you consider when practicing around an area with a lot of dust, soil, mold particles?
anything that less than 2.5 microns can enter the lungs and the blood stream
can lead to coughing, wheezing, emphysema, bronchitis
your coach has insisted that they want to practice in the midst of a fire happening down in the states and has creeped up to your hometown in Vancouver. You look at the air quality index and it reads 203 - what does this mean?
201 < – recommendation to stay inside (alert level for both healthy and unhealthy individuals)
in what direction does jet lag only occur?
moving east to west or vice versa
which direction has been shown to display faster adaptation when travelling through times zones?
east to west
how can you adjust your sleeping cycle when travelling from east to west / west to east?
east to west: getting up and going to bed 1 hour later / time zone travelled (ex: tdot - Van = 3 times zones)
getting up and going to bed 3 hrs later
west to east: getting up and going to bed 1 hour earlier / time zone travelled (ex: Van - Tdot)
getting up and going to bed 3 hr earlier
**may not be realistic
what should your dietary intake be when travelling west/east?
west - lighter meals in earlier in the day and heavier later in the day
east - heavier meals earlier
in terms of training, when should you train when travelling west/ east?
west - train later in the day
east - train earlier in the day
when is it imperative to get as much sunlight as your can when travelling?
travelling west
