Pharmacology

Question 1

membrane channel that transports choline into the cell

Answer 1

choline transporter

Question 2

what is the enzyme that combines acetyl coenzyme a and choline to form ACh?

Answer 2

choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)

Question 3

patients with alzheimer’s disease have reduced what?

Answer 3

cerebral production of ChAT

Question 4

ATP dependent transporter that immediately shuttle ACh into storage vesicles after ACh synthesis

Answer 4

ACh vesicular transporter

Question 5

When do voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open?

Answer 5

upon depolarization

Question 6

What does Ca2+ promote?

Answer 6

vesicle membrane fusion

Question 7

vesicular and plasma membrane proteins that initiate vesicle-plasma membrane fusion and release of ACh

Answer 7

VAMP and SNAPs

Question 8

what is the enzyme that cleaves ACh into choline and acetate?

Answer 8

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Question 9

What happens to choline after the cleavage of ACh?

Answer 9

choline is recycled back into the motorneuron via the choline transporter

Question 10

LGICs select ions based on what?

Answer 10

the charge of the amino acids lining the pore of the channel

Question 11

What is the charge of the amino acids lining the nicotinic cholinergic channel?

Answer 11

negative

Question 12

what amino acids are lining the nicotinic cholinergic channel?

Answer 12

aspartic acid and glutamic acid

Question 13

What are the agonists for the nAChRs?

Answer 13

nicotine, ACh, succinylcholine

Question 14

What is combined to make ACh?

Answer 14

Choline and acetyl coenzyme a

Question 15

What are two agents that affect the nerve action potential?

Answer 15

tetrodotoxin and local anesthetics

Question 16

what are three examples of local anesthetics

Answer 16

lidocaine, bupivacaine, procaine

Question 17

what is tetrodotoxin commonly referred to as?

Answer 17

Puffer fish poison

Question 18

What is the MOA of tetrodotoxin?

Answer 18

it inhibits voltage-gated Na+ channels, which will then inhibit axonal conduction

Question 19

What is the MOA of local anesthetics?

Answer 19

it inhibits voltage-gated Na+ channels, which inhibits axonal conduction

Question 20

What are local anesthetics clinically used for?

Answer 20

utilized for pain control during a variety of clinical procedures

Question 21

What are two agents that affect vesicular ACh release?

Answer 21

botulinum toxin and tetanus toxin

Question 22

What is botulism caused by?

Answer 22

Clostridium botulinum

Question 23

Where is clostridium botulinum most commonly found?

Answer 23

vegetables, fruit, seafood, soil and marine sediment

Question 24

What is the MOA of botulinum toxin?

Answer 24

it cleaves components of the core SNARE complex involved in exocytosis, preventing the release of ACh

Question 25

How is botulism classically described?

Answer 25

acute onset of bilateral cranial neuropathies associated with symmetric descending weakness/ flaccid paralysis

Question 26

food-borne botulism symptoms often include what?

Answer 26

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and dry mouth

Question 27

What are the clinical uses of botulinum toxin?

Answer 27

temporary improvement in the appearance of lines/wrinkles of the face and prevention of chronic migraine headache

Question 28

What is tetanus toxin characterized by?

Answer 28

muscle spasms

Question 29

What causes tetanus?

Answer 29

clostridium tetani

Question 30

where is clostridium tetani found?

Answer 30

in the soil

Question 31

How does tetanus toxin block fusion of synaptic vesicles?

Answer 31

by targeting synaptobrevin

Question 32

after binding to the presynaptic membrane of the NMJ, tetanus toxin is internalized and transported where?

Answer 32

retroaxonally to the spinal cord

Question 33

Spastic paralysis is caused by tetanus toxin's actions on what?

Answer 33

the spinal inhibitory interneurons, blocking release of inhibitory neurotransmitters that normally serve to relax contracted muscle

Question 34

how does generalized tetanus typically present

Answer 34

spastic paralysis with symptoms that include trismus (lock jaw), autonomic overactivity (restlessness, sweating, tachycardia), stiff neck, board-like rigid abdomen

Question 35

What is an antagonist that affects depolarization?

Answer 35

curare alkaloids

Question 36

what is the prototype of curare alkaloids?

Answer 36

d-tubocurarine

Question 37

How are curare alkaloids (d-tubocurarine) used clinically?

Answer 37

used during anesthesia to relax skeletal muscle

Question 38

How is paralysis after use of curare alkaloids (d-tubocurarine) reversed?

Answer 38

by increasing ACh in the NMJ by using an AChE inhibitor

Question 39

How is succinylcholine used clinically?

Answer 39

used as an induction agent for anesthesia

Question 40

How is paralysis caused from succinylcholine reversed?

Answer 40

time

Question 41

Curare alkaloids can be described as what kind of blocker?

Answer 41

a non-depolarizing blocker

Question 42

succinylcholine can be described as what kind of blocker?

Answer 42

a depolarizing blocker

Question 43

How are AChE inhibitors used clinically?

Answer 43

with dementia, myasthenia gravis, nerve gas, and organophosphate pesticide exposure, and reversal of neuromuscular blockade during anesthesia