Cartilage and Bone Connective Tissue

Question 1

Both cartilage and bone cells are formed from what?

Answer 1

mesenchymal stem cells

Question 2

What is cartilage covered with?

Answer 2

dense perichondrium

Question 3

What cells are found in cartilage?

Answer 3

Chondroblast and chondrocytes

Question 4

what cell forms the initial cartilage, is located next to the perichondrium, and is mitotic?

Answer 4

chondroblast

Question 5

Where are chondrocytes found?

Answer 5

lacunae

Question 6

Chondrocytes can proliferate to form what?

Answer 6

Clusters called isogenous groups

Question 7

All types of cartilage include what in the ECM?

Answer 7

type-II collagen

Question 8

What type of tissue is perichondrium?

Answer 8

dense irregular connective tissue

Question 9

Where is perichondrium found?

Answer 9

covering hyaline and elastic cartilage

Question 10

What is the outer layer of perichondrium made up of?

Answer 10

largely type-I collagen and fibroblasts

Question 11

What is the inner/chondrogenic layer of perichondrium made up of?

Answer 11

mesenchymal stem cells

Question 12

What does the ECM of hyaline cartilage contain?

Answer 12

thin collagen-II fibrils, water, hyaluronic acid, and proteoglycans

Question 13

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

Answer 13

joint surfaces, costal cartilage, larynx, trachea and bronchi, and nose

Question 14

Where is elastic cartilage found?

Answer 14

auricle of the ear, walls of external auditory canals, auditory tubes, epiglottis

Question 15

What is fibrocartilage a mix of?

Answer 15

hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue

Question 16

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Answer 16

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and selected joint capsules

Question 17

Where is articular cartilage found?

Answer 17

found on surfaces of movable joints

Question 18

What makes the structures of hyaline cartilage and articular cartilage different?

Answer 18

Articular cartilage does not have perichondrium

Question 19

Growth of cartilage

Answer 19

chondrogenesis

Question 20

What two ways does cartilage grow?

Answer 20

appositional growth and interstitial growth

Question 21

Chondroblasts next to the perichondrium deposit one layer of cartilage on top of another thereby forming new cartilage on the surface (piling on the outside)

Answer 21

appositional growth

Question 22

Chondrocytes within cartilage divide forming clusters of cells called isogenous groups. They then deposit extracellular matrix, spreading themselves from one another thereby expanding cartilage from within the cartilage

Answer 22

interstitial growth

Question 23

What is bone connective tissue formed from?

Answer 23

mesenchymal stem cells

Question 24

Mesenchymal cells that produce osteoblasts (found in periosteum and endosteum)

Answer 24

osteoprogenitors

Question 25

produce osteoid, non-mineralized organic matrix (initiate and control mineralization of osteoid)

Answer 25

osteoblasts

Question 26

multi-nucleated cells that form via fusion of monocytes and exhibit a "ruffled border" which resorbs bone through H+ and lysosomal proteins

Answer 26

osteoclasts

Question 27

Mature bone cells housed in lacunae that maintain bone matrix. communicate with osteoblasts to increase deposition of bone matrix.

Answer 27

osteocytes

Question 28

What cells when active are cuboidal mononuclear cells?

Answer 28

osteoblasts

Question 29

Which cell is an important endocrine target for regulating calcium levels?

Answer 29

Osteoclasts

Question 30

Knobby regions at ends of bone

Answer 30

epiphysis

Question 31

Elongated shaft

Answer 31

diaphysis

Question 32

Between diaphysis and epiphysis. Consists of spongy bone

Answer 32

Metaphysis

Question 33

Cylindrical space in diaphysis containing bone marrow

Answer 33

marrow cavity

Question 34

Dense irregular CT covering external surface of bone

Answer 34

periosteum

Question 35

What does the periosteum contain?

Answer 35

osteoblasts and osteoblast precursors

Question 36

CT lining of all trabeculae and marrow cavity

Answer 36

Endosteum

Question 37

What does the endosteum contain?

Answer 37

osteoprogenitor cells, reticular cells of bone marrow, and CT fibers

Question 38

Forms outer walls of bone

Answer 38

cortical (compact) bone

Question 39

What is the primary structure of cortical (compact) bone?

Answer 39

lamellar (layers) either as circumferential arrangement (osteon) or partial rings (interstitial lamellae)

Question 40

Forms a network of bony plates or rods surrounded by marrow

Answer 40

Trabecular (cancellous or spongy) bone

Question 41

how do osteocytes communicate with other cells?

Answer 41

gap junctions

Question 42

how do osteocytes receive nutrient flow?

Answer 42

via canaliculi

Question 43

Which cell type is differentiated from monocytic cells?

Answer 43

osteoclasts

Question 44

what type of lacunae do osteoclasts create?

Answer 44

Howship's lacunae

Question 45

what is the periosteum anchored by?

Answer 45

perforating fibers

Question 46

circumferential arrangement of layers

Answer 46

osteon

Question 47

partial rings

Answer 47

interstitial lamellae

Question 48

where can trabecular (cancellous or spongy) bone be found?

Answer 48

proximal and distal ends of long bones

Question 49

immature or primary bone, which is usually replaced by lamellar bone

Answer 49

woven bone

Question 50

which bone type has a lower mineral content and more cells

Answer 50

woven bone

Question 51

formed directly from mesenchyme; no cartilage involvement

Answer 51

intramembranous ossification

Question 52

bone that develops initially on a hyaline cartilage model

Answer 52

endochondral ossification

Question 53

what bones participate in intramembranous ossification

Answer 53

flat bones of the skull, most facial bones, mandible, central part of clavicle

Question 54

When do primary centers of ossification begin?

Answer 54

late in the 2nd month of development

Question 55

where is the secondary ossification center located?

Answer 55

epiphysis

Question 56

what is the epiphyseal growth plate responsible for?

Answer 56

lengthening of bones

Question 57

what occurs in the hypertrophic zone?

Answer 57

older cartilage cells enlarge and secrete matrix

Question 58

Growth in circumference of long bones occurs via?

Answer 58

osteoblasts in the periosteum

Question 59

what does bone growth in diameter begin with?

Answer 59

formation of the bone collar on the cartilaginous diaphysis

Question 60

If a patient presents with achondroplasia, what do they have a mutation in?

Answer 60

FGFR3

Question 61

what is the importance of FGFR3?

Answer 61

it is an important mediator of chondroblast formation

Question 62

Bone resorption is faster than bone deposition

Answer 62

osteoporosis

Question 63

osteoporosis most often occurs in?

Answer 63

women after menopause primarily due to estrogen loss

Question 64

What is required for calcium absorption?

Answer 64

vitamin D

Question 65

what is the disease where bones are inadequately mineralized and bones are soft-in adults?

Answer 65

osteomalacia

Question 66

What is analogous to osteomalacia but it is in children and is more severe; weakened bones, abnormal head, and rib cage

Answer 66

Rickets

Question 67

Chondrocytes within the plate undergo mitosis and increase cell numbers forming stacks of chondrocytes

Answer 67

zone of proliferation

Question 68

plays a key role in maintaining chondrocyte formation

Answer 68

FGFR3

Question 69

chondrocytes deposit extracellular matrix spreading spreading the chondrocytes cells apart from one another while they also increase in size

Answer 69

zone of hypertrophy

Question 70

Which zone represents interstitial growth

Answer 70

zone of hypertrophy

Question 71

cartilage cells then calcify the surrounding matrix and die

Answer 71

zone of calcification

Question 72

invading blood vessels bring in osteoprogenitor cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and cover harden cartilage with woven bone matrix

Answer 72

zone of ossification