Cartilage and Bone Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Both cartilage and bone cells are formed from what?

A

mesenchymal stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is cartilage covered with?

A

dense perichondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What cells are found in cartilage?

A

Chondroblast and chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what cell forms the initial cartilage, is located next to the perichondrium, and is mitotic?

A

chondroblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are chondrocytes found?

A

lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chondrocytes can proliferate to form what?

A

Clusters called isogenous groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

All types of cartilage include what in the ECM?

A

type-II collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of tissue is perichondrium?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is perichondrium found?

A

covering hyaline and elastic cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the outer layer of perichondrium made up of?

A

largely type-I collagen and fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the inner/chondrogenic layer of perichondrium made up of?

A

mesenchymal stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the ECM of hyaline cartilage contain?

A

thin collagen-II fibrils, water, hyaluronic acid, and proteoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

joint surfaces, costal cartilage, larynx, trachea and bronchi, and nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

auricle of the ear, walls of external auditory canals, auditory tubes, epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is fibrocartilage a mix of?

A

hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and selected joint capsules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is articular cartilage found?

A

found on surfaces of movable joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What makes the structures of hyaline cartilage and articular cartilage different?

A

Articular cartilage does not have perichondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Growth of cartilage

A

chondrogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What two ways does cartilage grow?

A

appositional growth and interstitial growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Chondroblasts next to the perichondrium deposit one layer of cartilage on top of another thereby forming new cartilage on the surface (piling on the outside)

A

appositional growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Chondrocytes within cartilage divide forming clusters of cells called isogenous groups. They then deposit extracellular matrix, spreading themselves from one another thereby expanding cartilage from within the cartilage

A

interstitial growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is bone connective tissue formed from?

A

mesenchymal stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mesenchymal cells that produce osteoblasts (found in periosteum and endosteum)

A

osteoprogenitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
produce osteoid, non-mineralized organic matrix (initiate and control mineralization of osteoid)
osteoblasts
26
multi-nucleated cells that form via fusion of monocytes and exhibit a "ruffled border" which resorbs bone through H+ and lysosomal proteins
osteoclasts
27
Mature bone cells housed in lacunae that maintain bone matrix. communicate with osteoblasts to increase deposition of bone matrix.
osteocytes
28
What cells when active are cuboidal mononuclear cells?
osteoblasts
29
Which cell is an important endocrine target for regulating calcium levels?
Osteoclasts
30
Knobby regions at ends of bone
epiphysis
31
Elongated shaft
diaphysis
32
Between diaphysis and epiphysis. Consists of spongy bone
Metaphysis
33
Cylindrical space in diaphysis containing bone marrow
marrow cavity
34
Dense irregular CT covering external surface of bone
periosteum
35
What does the periosteum contain?
osteoblasts and osteoblast precursors
36
CT lining of all trabeculae and marrow cavity
Endosteum
37
What does the endosteum contain?
osteoprogenitor cells, reticular cells of bone marrow, and CT fibers
38
Forms outer walls of bone
cortical (compact) bone
39
What is the primary structure of cortical (compact) bone?
lamellar (layers) either as circumferential arrangement (osteon) or partial rings (interstitial lamellae)
40
Forms a network of bony plates or rods surrounded by marrow
Trabecular (cancellous or spongy) bone
41
how do osteocytes communicate with other cells?
gap junctions
42
how do osteocytes receive nutrient flow?
via canaliculi
43
Which cell type is differentiated from monocytic cells?
osteoclasts
44
what type of lacunae do osteoclasts create?
Howship's lacunae
45
what is the periosteum anchored by?
perforating fibers
46
circumferential arrangement of layers
osteon
47
partial rings
interstitial lamellae
48
where can trabecular (cancellous or spongy) bone be found?
proximal and distal ends of long bones
49
immature or primary bone, which is usually replaced by lamellar bone
woven bone
50
which bone type has a lower mineral content and more cells
woven bone
51
formed directly from mesenchyme; no cartilage involvement
intramembranous ossification
52
bone that develops initially on a hyaline cartilage model
endochondral ossification
53
what bones participate in intramembranous ossification
flat bones of the skull, most facial bones, mandible, central part of clavicle
54
When do primary centers of ossification begin?
late in the 2nd month of development
55
where is the secondary ossification center located?
epiphysis
56
what is the epiphyseal growth plate responsible for?
lengthening of bones
57
what occurs in the hypertrophic zone?
older cartilage cells enlarge and secrete matrix
58
Growth in circumference of long bones occurs via?
osteoblasts in the periosteum
59
what does bone growth in diameter begin with?
formation of the bone collar on the cartilaginous diaphysis
60
If a patient presents with achondroplasia, what do they have a mutation in?
FGFR3
61
what is the importance of FGFR3?
it is an important mediator of chondroblast formation
62
Bone resorption is faster than bone deposition
osteoporosis
63
osteoporosis most often occurs in?
women after menopause primarily due to estrogen loss
64
What is required for calcium absorption?
vitamin D
65
what is the disease where bones are inadequately mineralized and bones are soft-in adults?
osteomalacia
66
What is analogous to osteomalacia but it is in children and is more severe; weakened bones, abnormal head, and rib cage
Rickets
67
Chondrocytes within the plate undergo mitosis and increase cell numbers forming stacks of chondrocytes
zone of proliferation
68
plays a key role in maintaining chondrocyte formation
FGFR3
69
chondrocytes deposit extracellular matrix spreading spreading the chondrocytes cells apart from one another while they also increase in size
zone of hypertrophy
70
Which zone represents interstitial growth
zone of hypertrophy
71
cartilage cells then calcify the surrounding matrix and die
zone of calcification
72
invading blood vessels bring in osteoprogenitor cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and cover harden cartilage with woven bone matrix
zone of ossification