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MSK Final > Cartilage and Bone Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Both cartilage and bone cells are formed from what?

A

mesenchymal stem cells

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2
Q

What is cartilage covered with?

A

dense perichondrium

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3
Q

What cells are found in cartilage?

A

Chondroblast and chondrocytes

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4
Q

what cell forms the initial cartilage, is located next to the perichondrium, and is mitotic?

A

chondroblast

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5
Q

Where are chondrocytes found?

A

lacunae

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6
Q

Chondrocytes can proliferate to form what?

A

Clusters called isogenous groups

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7
Q

All types of cartilage include what in the ECM?

A

type-II collagen

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8
Q

What type of tissue is perichondrium?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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9
Q

Where is perichondrium found?

A

covering hyaline and elastic cartilage

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10
Q

What is the outer layer of perichondrium made up of?

A

largely type-I collagen and fibroblasts

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11
Q

What is the inner/chondrogenic layer of perichondrium made up of?

A

mesenchymal stem cells

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12
Q

What does the ECM of hyaline cartilage contain?

A

thin collagen-II fibrils, water, hyaluronic acid, and proteoglycans

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13
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

joint surfaces, costal cartilage, larynx, trachea and bronchi, and nose

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14
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

auricle of the ear, walls of external auditory canals, auditory tubes, epiglottis

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15
Q

What is fibrocartilage a mix of?

A

hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue

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16
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and selected joint capsules

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17
Q

Where is articular cartilage found?

A

found on surfaces of movable joints

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18
Q

What makes the structures of hyaline cartilage and articular cartilage different?

A

Articular cartilage does not have perichondrium

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19
Q

Growth of cartilage

A

chondrogenesis

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20
Q

What two ways does cartilage grow?

A

appositional growth and interstitial growth

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21
Q

Chondroblasts next to the perichondrium deposit one layer of cartilage on top of another thereby forming new cartilage on the surface (piling on the outside)

A

appositional growth

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22
Q

Chondrocytes within cartilage divide forming clusters of cells called isogenous groups. They then deposit extracellular matrix, spreading themselves from one another thereby expanding cartilage from within the cartilage

A

interstitial growth

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23
Q

What is bone connective tissue formed from?

A

mesenchymal stem cells

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24
Q

Mesenchymal cells that produce osteoblasts (found in periosteum and endosteum)

A

osteoprogenitors

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25
Q

produce osteoid, non-mineralized organic matrix (initiate and control mineralization of osteoid)

A

osteoblasts

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26
Q

multi-nucleated cells that form via fusion of monocytes and exhibit a “ruffled border” which resorbs bone through H+ and lysosomal proteins

A

osteoclasts

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27
Q

Mature bone cells housed in lacunae that maintain bone matrix. communicate with osteoblasts to increase deposition of bone matrix.

A

osteocytes

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28
Q

What cells when active are cuboidal mononuclear cells?

A

osteoblasts

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29
Q

Which cell is an important endocrine target for regulating calcium levels?

A

Osteoclasts

30
Q

Knobby regions at ends of bone

A

epiphysis

31
Q

Elongated shaft

A

diaphysis

32
Q

Between diaphysis and epiphysis. Consists of spongy bone

A

Metaphysis

33
Q

Cylindrical space in diaphysis containing bone marrow

A

marrow cavity

34
Q

Dense irregular CT covering external surface of bone

A

periosteum

35
Q

What does the periosteum contain?

A

osteoblasts and osteoblast precursors

36
Q

CT lining of all trabeculae and marrow cavity

A

Endosteum

37
Q

What does the endosteum contain?

A

osteoprogenitor cells, reticular cells of bone marrow, and CT fibers

38
Q

Forms outer walls of bone

A

cortical (compact) bone

39
Q

What is the primary structure of cortical (compact) bone?

A

lamellar (layers) either as circumferential arrangement (osteon) or partial rings (interstitial lamellae)

40
Q

Forms a network of bony plates or rods surrounded by marrow

A

Trabecular (cancellous or spongy) bone

41
Q

how do osteocytes communicate with other cells?

A

gap junctions

42
Q

how do osteocytes receive nutrient flow?

A

via canaliculi

43
Q

Which cell type is differentiated from monocytic cells?

A

osteoclasts

44
Q

what type of lacunae do osteoclasts create?

A

Howship’s lacunae

45
Q

what is the periosteum anchored by?

A

perforating fibers

46
Q

circumferential arrangement of layers

A

osteon

47
Q

partial rings

A

interstitial lamellae

48
Q

where can trabecular (cancellous or spongy) bone be found?

A

proximal and distal ends of long bones

49
Q

immature or primary bone, which is usually replaced by lamellar bone

A

woven bone

50
Q

which bone type has a lower mineral content and more cells

A

woven bone

51
Q

formed directly from mesenchyme; no cartilage involvement

A

intramembranous ossification

52
Q

bone that develops initially on a hyaline cartilage model

A

endochondral ossification

53
Q

what bones participate in intramembranous ossification

A

flat bones of the skull, most facial bones, mandible, central part of clavicle

54
Q

When do primary centers of ossification begin?

A

late in the 2nd month of development

55
Q

where is the secondary ossification center located?

A

epiphysis

56
Q

what is the epiphyseal growth plate responsible for?

A

lengthening of bones

57
Q

what occurs in the hypertrophic zone?

A

older cartilage cells enlarge and secrete matrix

58
Q

Growth in circumference of long bones occurs via?

A

osteoblasts in the periosteum

59
Q

what does bone growth in diameter begin with?

A

formation of the bone collar on the cartilaginous diaphysis

60
Q

If a patient presents with achondroplasia, what do they have a mutation in?

A

FGFR3

61
Q

what is the importance of FGFR3?

A

it is an important mediator of chondroblast formation

62
Q

Bone resorption is faster than bone deposition

A

osteoporosis

63
Q

osteoporosis most often occurs in?

A

women after menopause primarily due to estrogen loss

64
Q

What is required for calcium absorption?

A

vitamin D

65
Q

what is the disease where bones are inadequately mineralized and bones are soft-in adults?

A

osteomalacia

66
Q

What is analogous to osteomalacia but it is in children and is more severe; weakened bones, abnormal head, and rib cage

A

Rickets

67
Q

Chondrocytes within the plate undergo mitosis and increase cell numbers forming stacks of chondrocytes

A

zone of proliferation

68
Q

plays a key role in maintaining chondrocyte formation

A

FGFR3

69
Q

chondrocytes deposit extracellular matrix spreading spreading the chondrocytes cells apart from one another while they also increase in size

A

zone of hypertrophy

70
Q

Which zone represents interstitial growth

A

zone of hypertrophy

71
Q

cartilage cells then calcify the surrounding matrix and die

A

zone of calcification

72
Q

invading blood vessels bring in osteoprogenitor cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and cover harden cartilage with woven bone matrix

A

zone of ossification

MSK Final (16 decks)

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