Pharmacology

Question 1

What are the hollow organs separated by?

Answer 1

Sphincters

Question 2

What do sphincters do?

Answer 2

Control the movement of food

Question 3

What occurs in the mouth and oropharynx?

Answer 3

Chopping of food, lubrication, beginning of carbohydrate and fat digestion and propel food to oesophagus

Question 4

What is the function of the oesophagus?

Answer 4

To deliver food to the stomach

Question 5

What the the main function of the stomach

Answer 5

Temporary storage of food

Question 6

What else does the stomach do?

Answer 6

Continues digestion of carbs and fat and initiates the digestion of proteins

Question 7

What is the main function of the small intestine?

Answer 7

Principal site of digestion and absorption of nutrients

Question 8

What 3 structures does the small intestine consist of?

Answer 8

Duodenum, jejunum and ileum

Question 9

What is the main function of the large intestine?

Answer 9

The reabsorption of fluids and electrolytes back into the body. It also stores fecal matter before regulated expulsion

Question 10

What 7 structures is the large intestine made up of

Answer 10

Cecum, Ascending colon, Transverse colon, Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon, Rectum, Anus

Question 11

How many accessory structures are there?

Answer 11

3

Question 12

Name the accessory structures

Answer 12

Salivary glands, liver and gall bladder and the pancreas

Question 13

What is the function of the salivary glands

Answer 13

Secrete saliva

Question 14

What is the function of the liver and gall bladder?

Answer 14

Storage and secretion of bile which aids in fat digestion

Question 15

Where is the location of the pancreas?

Answer 15

Inferior to the stomach

Question 16

Gastrointestinal motility is due to what?

Answer 16

The activity of smooth muscle

Question 17

What happens to the lumen when circular muscle contracts?

Answer 17

Becomes long and narrow

Question 18

What happens to the intestine when the longitudinal muscle contracts?

Answer 18

It becomes short and fat

Question 19

What happens when the muscularis mucosae contract

Answer 19

There is a change in absorptive area and the secretory area of mucosa

Question 20

What is motility?

Answer 20

A mechanical activity mostly involving smooth muscle

Question 21

Name the 3 movements of motility

Answer 21

Propulsive, Mixing and Tonic

Question 22

Give an example of propulsive

Answer 22

Peristalsis

Question 23

An example of mixing

Answer 23

elecrtolytes and digestive enzymes

Question 24

Give an example of tonic movement

Answer 24

Sphincters

Question 25

Where can secretion occur?

Answer 25

In the GI tract itself

Question 26

Define digestion

Answer 26

The biochemical breakdown of chemically complex foodstuff into smaller, absorbable units

Question 27

What are carbohydrates broken down to? and name an enzyme for this process

Answer 27

Monosaccharides and amylases

Question 28

What are proteins broken down to? Name an enzyme for this process

Answer 28

AMino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides. Proteases or dipeptidases

Question 29

What are fats mostly broken down to? What is the enzyme mediating this?

Answer 29

Monoglycerides and free fatty acids. Lipases

Question 30

Define absorption

Answer 30

The transfer of absorbable products of digestion from digestive tract to the blood or lymph.

Question 31

Does the structure of the digestive wall vary at all?

Answer 31

No - It is roughly the same throughout

Question 32

Name the layers of the digestive wall from innermost to outermost

Answer 32

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa

Question 33

How do skeletal muscles cells function with other skeletal muscle cells

Answer 33

Independently of eachother

Question 34

How do smooth muscle cells function with other smooth muscle cell?

Answer 34

Coupled by gap junctions

Question 35

What do gap junctions in smooth muscle allow for?

Answer 35

Spread of electrical current from cell to cell forming a functional synctium in which 100s of cells are depolarised and so contract at the same time.

Question 36

What happens if one smooth muscle cell depolarises?

Answer 36

Its current will be spread to neighbouring cells so the whole sheet of muscle will contract simultaneously

Question 37

What is the spontaneous activity of smooth muscle modulated by?

Answer 37

Intrinsic and extrinsic nerves and also numerous hormones

Question 38

How does spontaneous activity of smooth muscle occur?

Answer 38

Slow waves in the stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

Question 39

What does slow wave electrical activity determine?

Answer 39

The maximum frequency, velocity and direction of rhythmic contractions which occur in smooth muscle sheets

Question 40

What drives slow wave electrical activity? And what are they?

Answer 40

Interstitial Cell of Cajal. Pacemaker cells

Question 41

When will contraction not occur in terms of slow waves?

Answer 41

When the amplitude is insufficient to trigger action potentials

Question 42

What is the force in slow waves related to?

Answer 42

The number of action potentials discharged

Question 43

Where are ICCs located

Answer 43

Between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers and in the submucosa

Question 44

What are slow waves representative of?

Answer 44

Rhythmic patterns of depolarisation, followed by repolarisation

Question 45

The upstroke of the slow wave is regulated by what?

Answer 45

voltage activated Ca++ channels

Question 46

The downstroke of the slow wave is regulated by what?

Answer 46

voltage activated K+ channels

Question 47

What do slow waves determine?

Answer 47

The basic electrical rhythm (BER)

Question 48

What 3 things does the threshold being met depend on?

Answer 48

Neuronal stimuli, hormonal stimuli and mechanical stimuli

Question 49

When is BER at its lowest and where?

Answer 49

During the fed stage in the stomach

Question 50

What is the average number of waves per minute in the stomach?

Answer 50

3

Question 51

What is the average number of waves per minute in the duodenum?

Answer 51

1-10 waves

Question 52

What is the average number of waves per minute in the terminal ileum?

Answer 52

8 waves

Question 53

What is the average number of waves per minute in the proximal colon?

Answer 53

8 waves

Question 54

What is the average number of waves per minute in the distal colon

Answer 54

16 waves

Question 55

What is the importance of the distal colon having double the number of waves of the proximal colon?

Answer 55

It favours backwards movement and retention

Question 56

What would happen if the body did not have different slow waves in different places?

Answer 56

The body would lose substances as loose stool

Question 57

What is the most important factor in terms of autonomic innervation?

Answer 57

Parasympathetic

Question 58

What is the main role of the parasympathetic system?

Answer 58

To increase blood flow, secretions and contractions

Question 59

What inhibitory factors are exerted by the parasympathetic system?

Answer 59

Relaxation of sphincter and stomach

Question 60

Inhibitory actions of the sympathetic system exert what?

Answer 60

Decrease motility, blood flow and secretions

Question 61

What are the 3 broad types of neurones in the Enteric Nervous system

Answer 61

Sensory neurone, interneurone and effector neurone

Question 62

Peristalsis is an example of what type of reflex?

Answer 62

Local reflex

Question 63

Give an example of a short reflex

Answer 63

Interstino-interstinal inhibitory reflex

Question 64

The gastroileal reflex is an example of what type of reflex?

Answer 64

Long reflex

Question 65

Name 3 components that make up sensory neurones

Answer 65

Chemoreceptors, Thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors

Question 66

What is the role of the interneurones in the ENS

Answer 66

To coordinate reflexes and initiate simple functions such as peristalsis

Question 67

What 5 things do the effector neurones supply?

Answer 67

The longitudinal and circular muscle layers, secretory epithelium, endocrine cells and blood vessels

Question 68

Define peristalsis

Answer 68

A wave of contraction that normally preceeds along the gut wall

Question 69

What route does peristalsis take?

Answer 69

Aboral route

Question 70

Where is the propulsive segment

Answer 70

Behind the bolus

Question 71

Where is the receiving segment?

Answer 71

Infront of the bolus

Question 72

In terms of relaxation and contraction, what occurs in the propulsive segment?

Answer 72

Relaxation of the longitudinal muscle and contraction of the circular muscle

Question 73

In terms of relaxation and contraction, what occurs in the receiving segment?

Answer 73

Relaxation of the circular muscle and contraction of the longitudinal muscle

Question 74

How is contraction accomplished?

Answer 74

The release of a transmitter by excitatory neurones.

Question 75

What neurotransmitters are found during contraction?

Answer 75

ACh and substance P (peptide substance) are the neurotransmitters

Question 76

How is relaxation accomplished?

Answer 76

The release of VIP and Nitric Oxide from inhibitory motoneurone

Question 77

What does segmentation cause?

Answer 77

Rhythmic contractions of circular muscle

Question 78

Where does segmentation occur?

Answer 78

In the small intestine

Question 79

Where are tonic contractions found?

Answer 79

Sphincters

Question 80

How many sphincters are there?

Answer 80

6

Question 81

Name the first 3 sphincters

Answer 81

Upper oesophageal, Lower oesophageal and pyloric

Question 82

Name the last 3 sphincters

Answer 82

Ileocecal, Internal and External sphincters

Question 83

What is the function of the uvula

Answer 83

It helps seal off the nasal passage

Question 84

What is the function of the tongue

Answer 84

To guide food towards to oesophagus

Question 85

What is the pharynx?

Answer 85

A common passageway for respiratory and gastrointestinal systems