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Gastro > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the hollow organs separated by?

A

Sphincters

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2
Q

What do sphincters do?

A

Control the movement of food

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3
Q

What occurs in the mouth and oropharynx?

A

Chopping of food, lubrication, beginning of carbohydrate and fat digestion and propel food to oesophagus

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4
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

To deliver food to the stomach

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5
Q

What the the main function of the stomach

A

Temporary storage of food

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6
Q

What else does the stomach do?

A

Continues digestion of carbs and fat and initiates the digestion of proteins

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7
Q

What is the main function of the small intestine?

A

Principal site of digestion and absorption of nutrients

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8
Q

What 3 structures does the small intestine consist of?

A

Duodenum, jejunum and ileum

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9
Q

What is the main function of the large intestine?

A

The reabsorption of fluids and electrolytes back into the body. It also stores fecal matter before regulated expulsion

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10
Q

What 7 structures is the large intestine made up of

A

Cecum, Ascending colon, Transverse colon, Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon, Rectum, Anus

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11
Q

How many accessory structures are there?

A

3

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12
Q

Name the accessory structures

A

Salivary glands, liver and gall bladder and the pancreas

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13
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands

A

Secrete saliva

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14
Q

What is the function of the liver and gall bladder?

A

Storage and secretion of bile which aids in fat digestion

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15
Q

Where is the location of the pancreas?

A

Inferior to the stomach

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16
Q

Gastrointestinal motility is due to what?

A

The activity of smooth muscle

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17
Q

What happens to the lumen when circular muscle contracts?

A

Becomes long and narrow

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18
Q

What happens to the intestine when the longitudinal muscle contracts?

A

It becomes short and fat

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19
Q

What happens when the muscularis mucosae contract

A

There is a change in absorptive area and the secretory area of mucosa

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20
Q

What is motility?

A

A mechanical activity mostly involving smooth muscle

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21
Q

Name the 3 movements of motility

A

Propulsive, Mixing and Tonic

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22
Q

Give an example of propulsive

A

Peristalsis

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23
Q

An example of mixing

A

elecrtolytes and digestive enzymes

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24
Q

Give an example of tonic movement

A

Sphincters

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25
Q

Where can secretion occur?

A

In the GI tract itself

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26
Q

Define digestion

A

The biochemical breakdown of chemically complex foodstuff into smaller, absorbable units

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27
Q

What are carbohydrates broken down to? and name an enzyme for this process

A

Monosaccharides and amylases

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28
Q

What are proteins broken down to? Name an enzyme for this process

A

AMino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides. Proteases or dipeptidases

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29
Q

What are fats mostly broken down to? What is the enzyme mediating this?

A

Monoglycerides and free fatty acids. Lipases

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30
Q

Define absorption

A

The transfer of absorbable products of digestion from digestive tract to the blood or lymph.

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31
Q

Does the structure of the digestive wall vary at all?

A

No - It is roughly the same throughout

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32
Q

Name the layers of the digestive wall from innermost to outermost

A

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa

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33
Q

How do skeletal muscles cells function with other skeletal muscle cells

A

Independently of eachother

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34
Q

How do smooth muscle cells function with other smooth muscle cell?

A

Coupled by gap junctions

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35
Q

What do gap junctions in smooth muscle allow for?

A

Spread of electrical current from cell to cell forming a functional synctium in which 100s of cells are depolarised and so contract at the same time.

36
Q

What happens if one smooth muscle cell depolarises?

A

Its current will be spread to neighbouring cells so the whole sheet of muscle will contract simultaneously

37
Q

What is the spontaneous activity of smooth muscle modulated by?

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic nerves and also numerous hormones

38
Q

How does spontaneous activity of smooth muscle occur?

A

Slow waves in the stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

39
Q

What does slow wave electrical activity determine?

A

The maximum frequency, velocity and direction of rhythmic contractions which occur in smooth muscle sheets

40
Q

What drives slow wave electrical activity? And what are they?

A

Interstitial Cell of Cajal. Pacemaker cells

41
Q

When will contraction not occur in terms of slow waves?

A

When the amplitude is insufficient to trigger action potentials

42
Q

What is the force in slow waves related to?

A

The number of action potentials discharged

43
Q

Where are ICCs located

A

Between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers and in the submucosa

44
Q

What are slow waves representative of?

A

Rhythmic patterns of depolarisation, followed by repolarisation

45
Q

The upstroke of the slow wave is regulated by what?

A

voltage activated Ca++ channels

46
Q

The downstroke of the slow wave is regulated by what?

A

voltage activated K+ channels

47
Q

What do slow waves determine?

A

The basic electrical rhythm (BER)

48
Q

What 3 things does the threshold being met depend on?

A

Neuronal stimuli, hormonal stimuli and mechanical stimuli

49
Q

When is BER at its lowest and where?

A

During the fed stage in the stomach

50
Q

What is the average number of waves per minute in the stomach?

A

3

51
Q

What is the average number of waves per minute in the duodenum?

A

1-10 waves

52
Q

What is the average number of waves per minute in the terminal ileum?

A

8 waves

53
Q

What is the average number of waves per minute in the proximal colon?

A

8 waves

54
Q

What is the average number of waves per minute in the distal colon

A

16 waves

55
Q

What is the importance of the distal colon having double the number of waves of the proximal colon?

A

It favours backwards movement and retention

56
Q

What would happen if the body did not have different slow waves in different places?

A

The body would lose substances as loose stool

57
Q

What is the most important factor in terms of autonomic innervation?

A

Parasympathetic

58
Q

What is the main role of the parasympathetic system?

A

To increase blood flow, secretions and contractions

59
Q

What inhibitory factors are exerted by the parasympathetic system?

A

Relaxation of sphincter and stomach

60
Q

Inhibitory actions of the sympathetic system exert what?

A

Decrease motility, blood flow and secretions

61
Q

What are the 3 broad types of neurones in the Enteric Nervous system

A

Sensory neurone, interneurone and effector neurone

62
Q

Peristalsis is an example of what type of reflex?

A

Local reflex

63
Q

Give an example of a short reflex

A

Interstino-interstinal inhibitory reflex

64
Q

The gastroileal reflex is an example of what type of reflex?

A

Long reflex

65
Q

Name 3 components that make up sensory neurones

A

Chemoreceptors, Thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors

66
Q

What is the role of the interneurones in the ENS

A

To coordinate reflexes and initiate simple functions such as peristalsis

67
Q

What 5 things do the effector neurones supply?

A

The longitudinal and circular muscle layers, secretory epithelium, endocrine cells and blood vessels

68
Q

Define peristalsis

A

A wave of contraction that normally preceeds along the gut wall

69
Q

What route does peristalsis take?

A

Aboral route

70
Q

Where is the propulsive segment

A

Behind the bolus

71
Q

Where is the receiving segment?

A

Infront of the bolus

72
Q

In terms of relaxation and contraction, what occurs in the propulsive segment?

A

Relaxation of the longitudinal muscle and contraction of the circular muscle

73
Q

In terms of relaxation and contraction, what occurs in the receiving segment?

A

Relaxation of the circular muscle and contraction of the longitudinal muscle

74
Q

How is contraction accomplished?

A

The release of a transmitter by excitatory neurones.

75
Q

What neurotransmitters are found during contraction?

A

ACh and substance P (peptide substance) are the neurotransmitters

76
Q

How is relaxation accomplished?

A

The release of VIP and Nitric Oxide from inhibitory motoneurone

77
Q

What does segmentation cause?

A

Rhythmic contractions of circular muscle

78
Q

Where does segmentation occur?

A

In the small intestine

79
Q

Where are tonic contractions found?

A

Sphincters

80
Q

How many sphincters are there?

A

6

81
Q

Name the first 3 sphincters

A

Upper oesophageal, Lower oesophageal and pyloric

82
Q

Name the last 3 sphincters

A

Ileocecal, Internal and External sphincters

83
Q

What is the function of the uvula

A

It helps seal off the nasal passage

84
Q

What is the function of the tongue

A

To guide food towards to oesophagus

85
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A common passageway for respiratory and gastrointestinal systems

Gastro (67 decks)

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