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Gastro > Colorectal Cancer > Flashcards

Colorectal Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common type of benign colorectal tumours

A

Adenomas

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2
Q

What is the most common type of malignant colorectal tumours

A

Adenocarcinomas

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3
Q

What do normal oncogenes do?

A

Promote cell growth and division

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4
Q

What do abnormal oncogenes do?

A

Cause excess cell growth and division (gain of function)

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5
Q

What do normal tumour suppressor genes do?

A

Suppress cell growth and division

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6
Q

What do mutated tumour suppressor genes do?

A

Allow cell growth and division (loss of function)

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7
Q

What are 3 macrocopic appearances of colorectal cancer

A

Polypoidal
Ulcerative
Annular (ring shaped)

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8
Q

Where is the most common site of cancer in the large bowel?

A

Rectum or sigmoid colon

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9
Q

Where is the least common site of cancer in the large bowel?

A

Descending colon

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10
Q

What are two different appearances of adenomas

A

Tubular and villous

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11
Q

What are the three different appearances of adenocarcinomas

A

Well differentiated
Moderately differentiated and
Poorly differentiated

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12
Q

What appearance of an adenoma is more likely to develop into an adenocarcinoma?

A

Villous

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13
Q

Describe the appearance of a well differentiated adneocarcinoma

A

Still looks like colonocytes

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14
Q

What are the two different methods of pathological staging

A

Dukes and TNM

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15
Q

Describe Duke’s stage C

A

A growth which has invaded throught hte muscle wall nad has metastasised to the lymph nodes

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16
Q

Where is colorectal cancer most likely to metastasise to?

A

Liver or lungs

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17
Q

What is a typical symptom of ascites

A

An everted umbilicus

18
Q

What are the main two causes of colorectal cancer

A

Environemnt

Genetic factors

19
Q

What are 3 protective lifestyle factors for colorectal cancer?

A

Vegetables
Gibre
Exercise

20
Q

What are 4 causative lifestyle factors for colorectal cancer

A

Red and processed meat
Smoking
Alcohol
Obesity

21
Q

What is the only treatment for FAP polyps?

A

Removing the colon

22
Q

What are 3 predisposing conditions for Colorectal cancer

A

Adenomatous polyps
Ulcerative colitis
Crohn’s disease

23
Q

What are the symptoms for ascending colon cancer and why

A

Anaemia - early blood loss

Often asymptomatic

24
Q

What are the symptoms for descending colon cancer

A

Pain
change in bowel habit
rectal bleeding

25
Q

What are symtpoms for colorectal cancer

A

Significant rectal bleeding

Tenesmus

26
Q

What are 4 ways of diagnosing primary disease

A

Barium enema
CT colography
Sigmoidoscopy
Colonoscopy

27
Q

What is a method of removing colonic cancer via colonoscopy

A

Snare

28
Q

What does FOBT stand for

A

Faecal Occult Blood Testin

29
Q

When is FOBT used?

A

Screening device in the healthy population

It detects around 70% of cancers

30
Q

What are the emergency presentations of colorectal cancer?

A 
Distension
Constipation
Pain
Vomiting
Bleeding
31
Q

What can be the diagnosis of an emergency presentaiotn

A

Obstruction
Bleeding
Perforation

32
Q

What are 3 ways in which we can treat an obstruction

A

Colostomy
Resection and colostomy
Stenting

33
Q

What are the prognosis rates for differentiated cells

A

Good for well differentiated
Moderate for moderately differentiated
Poor for poorly differentiated

34
Q

What are the treatments for colorectal cancer

A

Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy

35
Q

When would radiotherapy be used

A

After Surgery (not alone)

36
Q

What are the 3 different surgical prcedures for rectal cancer?

A

Abdominal-perineal excision
Anterior resection
Local excision

37
Q

What is the difference between abdominal-perineal excision and anterior resection

A

More of the colon is removed in abdominal-perineal excision. The sphincter is saved in anterior resection

38
Q

How can we prevent colorectal cancer

A

Diet and lifestyle

39
Q

How can we improve early detection of colorectal cancer

A

Heightened awareness

Screening

40
Q

What other ways can we improve the survival rates of colorectal cancer

A

High quality surgery
Appropriate use of RT and Chemo
New agents for advanced disease

Gastro (67 decks)

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