Pharma Cardinal 1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the role of an opioid interneuron

A

It acts on the presynaptic and postyneptic side of the pain synapse
It modulates it by reducing the sensation of pain

Pre synaptically it reduces the conduction of calcium thus reducing activation
Post synaptically it activatesK+ conductance reducing excitability and keeping the cell hyperpolarized

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2
Q

What is codeine

A

It is a prodrug for morphine
Itself it doesn’t do anything so it needs to be transformed into morphine

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3
Q

What is hydromorphone

A

To complete agonist and it is twice as powerful as morphine

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4
Q

What is methadone and why is it so important

A

It is a complete agonist but it is important because it has a very long half life

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5
Q

What is the difference between a dependency and tolerance

A

Dependency is a addiction that occurs when a substance becomes necessary to maintain a healthy equilibrium
The level of dependency can be measured by the sober syndrome symptoms that is how bad does the patient feel if he doesn’t take the drugs

Tolerance on the other hand is the progressive loss of sensibility to the medication which requires an increase in the dose of the medication to attain the same effect

physique et/ou psychique

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6
Q

Describe receptor desensibalization

A

The over stimulation in a continuous way of GPCR receptors can lead to
* decoupling of the receptor from the signaling path
* internalization of a receptor or
* even degradation and ** downregulation of their production**

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7
Q

Describe at a high level how tolerance occurs in neural circuits

A

The continuous activation of modulation pathways the opioid stimulation elites to an increase in activity of modulatory pathways
And so the descending pathways become tolerant that is they reduce their inhibition on the pain synapse

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8
Q

what is the advantage of methadone over the mix of buprénorphine-naloxone as substitution drugs for addicts

A

Methadone has a higher program retention rate
It is less recommended for people that have a high risk of leaving the treatment
Those are usually patients that inject opioids intravenously

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9
Q

What is a factor that will push you to putting a patient on suboxone treatment

A

buprénorphine-naloxone Has shown to be preferable for opioid users that have stable lives and professional and family obligations

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10
Q

buprénorphine-naloxone Or methadone which has the lowest risk of overdose

A

buprénorphine-naloxone
Because it is the partial agonist

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11
Q

The majority of receptors that are targeted by medication are of what type

A

They are membrane-bound receptors mainly gpcrs

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12
Q

Why do people that for those on opioids have respiratory arrests

A

Because of the new opioid receptors in the respiratory area in the brain stem that has G I Mu opioid receptors

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13
Q

alpha adrénergiques vs β-adrénergique vs mu-opioïde difference

A

alpha adrénergiques: bound to Gq -> phospholipase C
β-adrénergique: Gs stimulates adenylate cyclase
mu-opioïde: Gi inhibits adenylate cyclase

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14
Q

What does an alpha adrenergic receptor lead to muscle contraction

A

It is bound to AGQ molecule which activates phospholipase C which activates ip three which leads to a release of calcium in the cell through a pore in the endoplasmic reticulum
The calcium in the cell leads to contraction of muscles

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15
Q

True or false
β adrénergique Receptor activation leads to muscle contraction

A

False
stimulates PKA and thus leads to relaxation of muscle

récepteurs α1 -> vasoconstriction
récepteurs b2 -> vasodilatation

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16
Q

What effect do calcium ionic channel antagonists have on blood vessels

A

They lead to their relaxation or vasodilation of the smooth muscle decreasing resistance
These are drugs used for hypertension
They do this by blocking the contraction of the muscle which is normally due by calcium

17
Q

What is the stimulus of base for calcium dependent channels on blood vessels

A

It is mechanic the channel opens due to the flow of blood
No pharmacological agent is involved

18
Q

What is the stimulus for sodium voltage gated channels

A

It is depolarization of the membrane

19
Q

Why do we say that sodium voltage gated channels can be useful for local anesthésiques

A

Because you can block conduction of these channels by keeping them in their inactive configuration causing numbness

20
Q

What is the difference between a neutral agonist and inverse agonist

A

A neutral agonist will bring alpha to zero which means it will not remove the baseline activity of the Receptor only block agonist from binding
A negative agonist will also block the baseline activity of the receptor