Immune system part 4

Question 1

What type of immunoglobulin is added to our blood after a vaccination

Answer 1

Igg

Question 2

Why do we say that sometimes we need to add adjuvants to our vaccines

Answer 2

This occurs when we weaken the virus or the bacteria too much that it doesn’t even cause anything to the immune system in these cases we have an adjuvant to ensure that we will get an immune response

Example need this in dead vaccinnes. The positive is that there are no conter-indications.

Question 3

What is a counterindication for attenuated vaccines living

Answer 3

Pregnant women and immunosuppressed patients

do not need adjuvants as they can do some activity

The issue with these is in immunosupressed individuals and pregnant women
As such, should not give this vaccine to this population

Le microbe prolifère dans l’organisme mais est incapable de causer une infection

Question 4

What is the main function in a MRNA vaccine

Answer 4

Use the human system in order to create the proteins that will cause the immune system to get activated.
No need for an adjuvant.

Much cheaper as no need to create the proteins

Question 5

What is the main idea behind a vector vaccine

Answer 5

Vector vaccine takes the a virus that doesn’t normally infect humans and inserts in it DDA of the target protein and so it uses the virus machinery to infect the protein
For example Astrazeneca and Johnson and Johnson used this type of vaccines

Question 6

What is the issue with polysaccharide bacteria

Answer 6

Polysaccharide is something that cannot bind to CMH 1 or CMH 2 which means that it cannot activate immune response
Polysaccharides are therefore key independent antigens
Luckily we have a second pathway that allows B lymphasized to be activated through polysaccharides

However this is absent in kids under two years

Question 7

What are conjugated vaccines

Answer 7

It is the combining of a polysaccharide with a protein in order to allow T cells to react against a polysaccharide infection
Often used in young kids as well as old people

Question 8

Although we have less infections overall due to vaccination and hygiene there is an increase in number of allergies over the years
What could explain this

Answer 8

One possible hypothesis is that the lack of infections has made it so that our immune system is not really that on edge anymore and thus it’s not doing all of its regulatory processes

Changing microbiota flower etc etc

Question 9

What is the immune cell that is responsible for an allergic reaction

Answer 9

mastocytes
When a molecule is first introduced the immunoglobulins are stuck to the mastocyte and so the next time that say nuts are presented mastocytes are activated and there is a huge reaction to a substance that otherwise would not cause issues

Question 10

Primary versus secondary immunodeficiency what is the difference

Answer 10

Primary it is when a intrinsic problem usually genetic causes our immune system to be less responsive
Secondary or required results when an external element perturbs the function of the immune system for example an immunosuppressant medication or some illness