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First Aid Psychiatry > Pharm one-liners > Flashcards

Pharm one-liners Flashcards

1
Q

Common side effect of sedative hypnotics

A

CNS depression

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2
Q

Occurs when sedative hypnotics are used long-term

A

Tolerance and physical dependence

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3
Q

Mechanism of action of benzodiazepines

A

Increase frequency of GABA-mediated chloride ion channel (GABAA) opening

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4
Q

Main route of metabolism for benzodiazepines

A

Hepatic

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5
Q

Useful side effect of benzodiazepines in patients undergoing stressful procedures or surgery

A

Anterograde amnesia

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6
Q

Three benzodiazepines that are metabolized only by Phase II conjugation and therefore is useful in elderly patients

A

Lorazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam

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7
Q

Two benzodiazepines that have active metabolites with long half-lives

A

Diazepam, chlordiazepoxide

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8
Q

Clinical uses of benzodiazepines

A

Anxiety, insomnia, alcohol detoxification, status epilepticus, spasticity

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9
Q

Reason why benzodiazepines are safer than barbiturates

A

Benzodiazepines work only in presence of GABA

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10
Q

Mechanism of action of barbiturates

A

Increase duration of GABAA chloride channel opening

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11
Q

Most serious side effects of barbiturates

A

Respiratory and cardiovascular depression

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12
Q

Barbiturates may precipitate this hematologic condition

A

Porphyria

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13
Q

Barbiturates decrease the effectiveness of many other drugs via this pharmacokinetic property

A

Induce CYP450

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14
Q

Effect of benzodiazepines and barbiturates on sleep architecture

A

Suppress REM

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15
Q

Three nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics that lack suppressive effect on REM and are preferred over benzodiazepines for the treatment of insomnia

A

Zolpidem, zaleplon, eszopiclone

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16
Q

Mechanism of action of zolpidem

A

Activates BZ1 subtype of GABAA receptor

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17
Q

Mechanism of action of opioids on analgesia

A

Activate mu receptors to 1. close presynaptic Ca2+ channels to inhibit neurotransmitter release, 2. open postsynaptic K+ channels to hyperpolarize cell membrane

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18
Q

Side effects of these drugs include nausea and vomiting, euphoria, dependence, tolerance, sedation, respiratory depression, constipation

A

Opioids

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19
Q

Tolerance to all effects of opioid agonists can develop except

A

Miosis, constipation

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20
Q

Strong opioid agonists

A

Morphine, methadone, meperidine, and fentanyl

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21
Q

Opioids used in anesthesia

A

Morphine and fentanyl

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22
Q

Opioid that can be given PO, IV, IM, and intrathecal to relieve anxiety associated with pulmonary edema

A

Morphine

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23
Q

Opioid available trans-dermally

A

Fentanyl

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24
Q

Opioid with antimuscarinic activity

A

Meperidine

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25
Q

Long-acting opioids used in the management of withdrawal states

A

Methadone, Buprenorphine

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26
Q

Opioid that can cause hyperpyrexic coma with MAOI and serotonin syndrome with SSRI

A

Meperidine

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27
Q

Moderate opioid agonists

A

Codeine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone

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28
Q

Partial opioid agonist that has a long duration of action and is resistant to naloxone reversal

A

Buprenorphine

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29
Q

Opioid antagonist that is given IV

A

Naloxone

30
Q

Opioid antagonist that is given orally

A

Naltrexone

31
Q

Opioids indicated for use as antitussive

A

Dextromethorphan, Codeine

32
Q

Opioids indicated for use as antidiarrheal

A

Diphenoxylate, Loperamide

33
Q

Common side effect of antipsychotics, MPTP (contaminant in illicit meperidine analog), and cholinergic excess

A

Drug-induced Parkinsonism

34
Q

Precursor of dopamine that can cross the blood-brain-barrier and used to alleviate motor dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease

A

Levodopa (L-dopa)

35
Q

Inhibits peripheral DOPA decarboxylase, reduces peripheral side effects of dopamine precursor and enhances its delivery to the brain

A

Carbidopa

36
Q

Two fluctuations in clinical response associated with long-term use of dopamine precursor

A

“Wearing off” and “on-off-phenomenon”

37
Q

Inhibits monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B), used as monotherapy for early or mild Parkinson’s disease or adjunct to improve motor function in patients with fluctuations in clinical response

A

Selegiline

38
Q

Inhibits of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), used as adjunct to improve motor function in Parkinson’s patients with fluctuations in clinical response

A

Entacapone, tolcapone

39
Q

Ergot type 2 dopamine receptor (D2) agonist, used as adjunct to improve motor function in Parkinson’s patients with fluctuations in clinical response

A

Bromocriptine

40
Q

Non ergot type 2 dopamine receptors (D2) agonist, used for Parkinson’s and restless legs syndrome

A

Pramipexole and Ropinirole

41
Q

An antiviral that enhances dopamine release from nigrostriatal neurons

A

Amantadine

42
Q

Two centrally-acting anticholinergics useful for tremor and rigidity but have little effect on bradykinesia in patients with Parkinson’s

A

Benztropine, Trihexylphenidyl

43
Q

Drug of choice indicated for familial or essential tremors

A

Propranolol

44
Q

Two drugs that inhibit vesicle monoamine transporter used for Huntington’s

A

Tetrabenazine, reserpine

45
Q

An antipsychotic with dopamine receptor antagonist activity used for Huntington’s

A

Haloperidol

46
Q

Three centrally-acting cholinesterase inhibitors used for Alzheimer’s

A

Donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine

47
Q

Noncompetitive antagonist of NMDA receptors used for Alzheimer’s

A

Memantine

48
Q

Three main classes of CNS depressant drugs of abuse

A

Alcohol, opioid, barbiturate/benzodiazepine

49
Q

Agent that is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase or microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) to acetaldehyde; displays zero-order kinetics of elimination

A

Ethanol

50
Q

Enzyme that is induced through chronic exposure to alcohol, may contribute to tolerance

A

Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)

51
Q

Complications of the gastrointestinal system associated with chronic alcohol use

A

Mallory-Weiss syndrome, hepatitis, cirrhosis, pancreatitis

52
Q

Neurological abnormality caused by chronic alcohol use and thiamine deficiency

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

53
Q

The most common neurologic abnormality in chronic alcoholics

A

Neurologic deficits (Peripheral neuropathy)

54
Q

Life-threatening alcohol withdrawal syndrome that peaks at 5 days after the last drink

A

Delirium tremens

55
Q

Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase and used as deterrent for alcohol use

A

Disulfiram

56
Q

Opioid receptor antagonist used to prevent alcohol abuse

A

Naltrexone

57
Q

Competes for alcohol dehydrogenase and is used in methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning

A

Fomepizole, Ethanol

58
Q

Most commonly abused opioids

A

Heroin, morphine, oxycodone

59
Q

Respiratory and CNS depression, pinpoint pupils, seizures, and needle track marks are symptoms of this intoxication

A

Opioid

60
Q

Opioid receptor antagonist that is used to treat opioid intoxication, may cause more rapid and intense symptoms of withdrawal

A

Naloxone

61
Q

Sweating, dilated pupils, piloerection, and flu-like symptoms are symptoms of withdrawal from this class of drugs

A

Opioid

62
Q

Opioids used for long-term maintenance from opioid withdrawal

A

Methadone, Buprenorphine

63
Q

Most widely abused sedative hypnotics

A

Short-acting barbiturates (pentobarbital)

64
Q

Two date rape drugs that work through enhancement of GABA receptors in the brain

A

Flunitrazepam, GHB (γ-hydroxybutyrate)

65
Q

Benzodiazepine antagonist used to treat benzodiazepine intoxication

A

Flumazenil

66
Q

Four major CNS stimulant drugs of abuse

A

Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines

67
Q

Treatments available for nicotine addiction

A

Patch, gum, lozenge, bupropion, varenicline

68
Q

CNS stimulant that acts by inhibiting reuptake of neurotransmitters; may cause pupil dilation, alter tactile sensation, irregular breathing, and cardiac toxicity

A

Cocaine

69
Q

Amphetamine derivatives commonly abused

A

Methamphetamine (crystal meth), MDMA (methylenedioxymeth-amphetamine, or ecstasy)

70
Q

Drug of abuse that was developed as a dissociative anesthetic; intoxication leads to both horizontal and vertical nystagmus, analgesia, psychosis, delirium, and seizures

A

PCP (phencyclidine, or angel dust)

71
Q

Synthetic ergot derivative that can produce perceptual hallucinations and used as an illicit drug; may cause paranoia

A

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

72
Q

Active ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC); side effects include impairment of judgment, altered sense of time, increased appetite, and hallucinations

A

Marijuana

First Aid Psychiatry (12 decks)

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