Pathology 1 Flashcards
Alzheimer Disease NT
Decreased ACh
Anxiety NTs
Increased NE; Decreased GABA and 5-HT
Depression NTs
Decrease in NE, 5-HT, and DA
Huntington NTs
Decrease GABA, ACh; Increased Dopamine
Parkinson NTs
Decrease Dopamine; Increase in 5-HT, ACh
Schizophrenia NTs
Increase Dopamine
Patient’s ability to know who, where, date and time
Orientation
Order of Loss of Orientation
1st - time; 2nd - place; last - person
AOx3
Alert and Oriented x3
Inability to remember things that occurred before CNS insult
Retrograde Amnesia
Inability to make new memories
Anterograde Amnesia
Classic anterograde amnesia caused by thiamine deficiency and associated destruction of mamillary bodies
Korsakoff Amnesia
Inability to recall important personal information, usually subsequent to severe trauma or stress
Dissociative Amnesia
Abrupt travel or wandering during a period of dissociative amnesia, associated with traumatic circumstances
Dissociative Fugue
Significant change in cognition (memory, attention, language, judgement) from previous level of functioning.
Cognitive Disorder
“Waxing and Waning” level of consciuosness with acute onset
Delirium
Rapid decrease in attention span and level of arousal; disorg thinking, hallucinations (often visual), illusions, misperceptions, disturbance of sleep wake cycle, cognitive dysfunction
Delirium
Most common presentation of altered mental status in inpatient setting. Abnormal EEG
Delirium
Tx for delirium
Fix underlying causes, optimize brain condition like O2, hydration and pain, Antipsychotics (haloperidol)
Gradual decrease in intellectual ability or “cognition” without affecting LOC, EEG Normal
Dementia
Memory deficits, aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, loss of abstract thought, behavioral/personality changes, impairment judgment
Dementia
Reversible Causes of dementia
NPH, Vit B12 deficiency, hypothyroidism, neurosyphilis, HIV (partially)
Irreversible Causes of Dementia
Alzheimers, Lewy Body dementia, Huntington, Pick Dx, Cerebral infarcts, Creutzfeldt-Jakob dx, Chronic substance abuse
Distorted perception of reality characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and/or disorganized thinking
Psychosis
Perceptions in the absence of external stimuli
Hallucinations
Unique, false beliefs about about oneself or others that persist despite the facts
Delusions
Words and ideas are strung together based on sounds, puns, or “loose associations”
Disorganized Speech
Visual Hallucinations
More common a feature of medical than psychiatric illness (drug intoxication)
Auditory Hallucinations
Associated with schizophrenia
Olfactory Hallucinations
Aura of psychomotor epilepsy and in brain tumors
Gustatory Hallucinations
Rare
Tactile Hallucinations
Common with alcohol withdrawal
Formication - bugs crawling on skin
Cocaine abusers
Hypnogogic
Hallucination while going to sleep
Hypnopompic
Hallucination while waking from sleep
Chronic mental disorder with periods of psychosis, disturbed behavior and thought, and decline in functioning that lasts >6months. Increased DA activity
Schizophrenia
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Delusions, Hallucinations (Auditory), disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior
Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Flat affect, social withdrawal, lack of motivation, lack of speech or thought
Brief Psychotic Disorder
<1month of schizophrenia, usually stress related
Schizophreniform Disorder
1-6months of schizophrenia
Schizoaffective Disorder
at least 2 weeks of stable mood with psychotic symptoms, plus a major depressive, manic or both episode.
2 subtypes: Bipolar or Depressive
Frequent cannibis use
Associated with psychosis/schizophrenia in teens
Fixed, persistent, untrue belief system lasting >1month.
Woman who genuinely believes she is married to a celebrity when in reality she is not
Delusional Disorder
Presence of 2 or more distinct identities or personaility states
Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative Identity Disorder associations
Hx of sexual abuse, PTSD, depression, substance abuse, borderline personality, and somatoform conditions
Persistent feelings of detachment or estrangement from one’s own body, thooughts, perceptions and, actions or environment
Depersonalization - detached from one’s actions
Derealization - detached from one’s own environment
Abnormal range of moods or internal emotional states and loss of control over them
Mood disorder
Severity of moods causing distress and impairment in social and occupational functioning
Mood Disorder
Distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable moood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy lasting >1week
Manic Episode
Manic episodes need at least 3 of the following
DIG FAST
Distractibility, Irresponsibility (hedonistic, seeks pleasure w/o assessing consequences), Grandiosity, Flight of ideas, increase in goal-directed Activity/psychomotor Agitation, decrease need for Sleep, Talkativeness
Abnormally and persistently elevated or irritable mood but no impairment of social/occupational functioning. Lasts >4days
Hypomanic Episode
