PH Policy Flashcards
what is a policy (1)
1- actions by public authority to improve the
conditions under which people live, work, and play
what is health policy (1)
1- all decisions, plans, actions that are undertaken to achieve specific health sector
goals (e.g. health services and healthcare delivery)
what is public policy (1)
1- action by a public authority in order to limit or increase the presence of certain
phenomena within the population (i.e. anything a
government chooses to do or not to do)
what is healthy public policy (1)
1- all public policies that
affect health, including those not aimed at health
what is health-in-all policy (1)
1- an approach to public
policies that systematically takes into account the
health implications of decisions, seeks synergies,
and avoids harmful health impacts, in order to
improve population health and health equity
what are some determinants of policy - 3Is (3)
1- interest
2- ideas
3- ideologies
what is the multiple streams framework - what are the 3 streams (3)
1- problem: public issue requiring action
2- policy: solution to the issue
3- politics: national mood, new government
re: multiple streams, where do the 3 streams converge into (1)
1- policy window: a critical point when the problem, policy and politics converge
what is the policy triangle model for health policy analysis (4)
1- content
2- context
3- process
4- actors (in the centre)
what are the types of policy analysis - DEEPP (5)
1- Descriptive: what happened?
2- Explanatory: why did it happen?
3- Evaluative: did it work?
4- Predictive: what will happen?
5- Prescriptive: what should happen?
what are the stages of the policy cycle - APDIE (5)
1- agenda setting (identify/define problem)
2- policy formulation (come up with options)
3- decision-making (decide on an option)
4- implementation
5- evaluation
what are policy instruments/levers - PESTLEE (7)
1- political
2- economic
3- social
4- technological
5- legal
6- ethical
7- environmental
what are categories of actors/stakeholders to engage - A MANIC HUG (9)
1- Academia
2- Media
3- Associations
4- NGOs
5- Industry
6- Coalitions
7- Healthcare
8- Unions
9- Government
what are some ways of grouping actors/stakeholders who you want to engage - 4Ps, I/E, RASCI (3)
1- 4 Ps - people, program, partners, powerful
2- internal/external
3- RASCI - responsible, accountable, supportive, consulted, informed
what is stakeholder analysis (1)
1- systematically analyzing information to determine whose interests should be taken into account when developing/implementing a policy
what are ways of stakeholder analysis (one overlaps with how to categorize stakeholders) - P/I (describe all 4), RASCI (2)
1- RASCI - responsible, accountable, supportive, consulted, informed
2- Power x Interest quadrants:
*high power high interest = key player, manage closely
*high power low interest = keep satisfied
*low power high interest = keep informed
*low power low interest = monitor
what are categories to consider as part of policy evaluation - DUE CAFE (7)
1- durability
2- unintended effects
3- effectiveness
4- cost
5- acceptability
6- feasibility
7- equity
what is the point of doing economic analyses (1)
1- to assess the relative costs vs. benefits of alternative health care interventions
what is a direct health cost (1)
1- actual financial cost of all goods, services, other resources consumed in the provision of a medical intervention (e.g. drugs, staff, tests)
what is a direct non-health cost (1)
1- transport, support services, pension payouts
what is an indirect cost (1)
1- costs associated with lost or impaired ability to work or (e.g., days lost from work, reduced productivity)
what is an intangible cost (1)
1- pain and psychological harm, not measured directly by economic models, but
may be included in quality of life measurements
what is cost-benefit analysis (CBA) (1)
1- Determine if monetary
valuation of an intervention’s benefits exceeds its cost
what is the calculation outcome of CBA (2)
1- Ratio (benefit:cost ratio)
2- Difference (net benefit)
what are advantages of CBA (3)
1- Compare different
interventions
2- Easy interpretation
3- Used to set budget
priorities
what are disadvantages of CBA (1)
1- Valuing health in
monetary terms is
difficult so not commonly
used in health care
what is a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) (1)
1- compare health interventions
with the same health objectives
In CEA, you usually compare BLANK1 interventions to BLANK2 interventions and estimate the extra cost and effect
1- new
2- accepted
what is the calculation outcome of CEA (1)
1- ICER - incremental cost-effectiveness ratio
how do you calculate an ICER (1) and what does the denominator mean (*)
1- Cost A – Cost B / Effect A – Effect B
*effect = QALY, benefit, years, etc.
what are advantages of CEA (2)
1- Easy for decision makers
2- Avoid valuing controversial outcomes (e.g. human life)
what are disadvantages of CEA (2)
1- Can only compare interventions on the same outcome
2- only one outcome can be measured at a time
what is cost-utility analysis (CUA) (1)
1- Sub-type of CEA used when
focus is on quality of life or if
treatments have many
outcomes
what is the calculation outcome of CUA (1)
1- QALY - quality-adjusted life year
what are advantages of CUA (1)
1- Uses a common unit to facilitate comparisons of cost-effectiveness of different
interventions across disease sites or treatments
what are disadvantages of CUA (3)
1- Time consuming
2- Methods difficult (relies on expert opinion, rating scales, time trade off, standard gamble, etc.)
3- Difficult to interpret
how do you calculate a QALY (1)
1- years of life x utility weight
*1 = perfect health
what is cost minimization analysis (1)
1- two interventions that are generally similar in terms of effectiveness/outcomes
are compared in terms of dollars, for example the cost of Drug A versus the cost of Drug B
what are the federal PIPEDA fair information principles (cover the collection, retention, use and deletion/destruction of health information) - SOCIAL-CALI (10)
1- safeguards
2- openness
3- challenging compliance
4- individual access
5- accuracy
6- limit use and disclosure
7- consent
8- accountability
9- limit collection
10- identify purpose
what is a privacy breach (2)
1- collection, use, or disclosure of PI that is not in compliance with provisions of applicable privacy legislation.
2- Can be intentional or inadvertent
what are measures you can take to prevent a privacy breach - TPP (3)
1- training
2- procedures
3- privacy impact assessments
what is the protocol for managing a privacy breach - “Royal College nerd”, RC NRD (5)
1- respond
2- contain
3- notify
4- remediate
5- discipline
what is PIPEDA (1)
1- Personal Information Protection and
Electronic Documents Act
what is privacy (1)
1- individual’s right to be free from intrusion or interference by others in relation to their bodies,
personal information, thoughts and opinions
what is confidentiality (1)
1- duty or obligation of an individual
or organization to protect entrusted information
provided by individuals from unauthorized access,
use, disclosure, modification, loss, or theft
what is personal information (PI) (1)
1- any identifiable
information about an individual, written or verbal
(e.g. age, sex, sexual orientation, education, address, phone number)
what is personal health information (PHI) (1)
1- any identifiable information about an individual that
relates to the provision of health care (medical
history, services, test results, health card number)
