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2025 PHPM Royal College Study - based on AN Summary Notes > PH Policy > Flashcards

PH Policy Flashcards

1
Q

what is a policy (1)

A

1- actions by public authority to improve the
conditions under which people live, work, and play

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2
Q

what is health policy (1)

A

1- all decisions, plans, actions that are undertaken to achieve specific health sector
goals (e.g. health services and healthcare delivery)

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3
Q

what is public policy (1)

A

1- action by a public authority in order to limit or increase the presence of certain
phenomena within the population (i.e. anything a
government chooses to do or not to do)

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4
Q

what is healthy public policy (1)

A

1- all public policies that
affect health, including those not aimed at health

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5
Q

what is health-in-all policy (1)

A

1- an approach to public
policies that systematically takes into account the
health implications of decisions, seeks synergies,
and avoids harmful health impacts, in order to
improve population health and health equity

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6
Q

what are some determinants of policy - 3Is (3)

A

1- interest
2- ideas
3- ideologies

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7
Q

what is the multiple streams framework - what are the 3 streams (3)

A

1- problem: public issue requiring action
2- policy: solution to the issue
3- politics: national mood, new government

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8
Q

re: multiple streams, where do the 3 streams converge into (1)

A

1- policy window: a critical point when the problem, policy and politics converge

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9
Q

what is the policy triangle model for health policy analysis (4)

A

1- content
2- context
3- process
4- actors (in the centre)

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10
Q

what are the types of policy analysis - DEEPP (5)

A

1- Descriptive: what happened?
2- Explanatory: why did it happen?
3- Evaluative: did it work?
4- Predictive: what will happen?
5- Prescriptive: what should happen?

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11
Q

what are the stages of the policy cycle - APDIE (5)

A

1- agenda setting (identify/define problem)
2- policy formulation (come up with options)
3- decision-making (decide on an option)
4- implementation
5- evaluation

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12
Q

what are policy instruments/levers - PESTLEE (7)

A

1- political
2- economic
3- social
4- technological
5- legal
6- ethical
7- environmental

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13
Q

what are categories of actors/stakeholders to engage - A MANIC HUG (9)

A

1- Academia
2- Media
3- Associations
4- NGOs
5- Industry
6- Coalitions
7- Healthcare
8- Unions
9- Government

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14
Q

what are some ways of grouping actors/stakeholders who you want to engage - 4Ps, I/E, RASCI (3)

A

1- 4 Ps - people, program, partners, powerful
2- internal/external
3- RASCI - responsible, accountable, supportive, consulted, informed

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15
Q

what is stakeholder analysis (1)

A

1- systematically analyzing information to determine whose interests should be taken into account when developing/implementing a policy

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16
Q

what are ways of stakeholder analysis (one overlaps with how to categorize stakeholders) - P/I (describe all 4), RASCI (2)

A

1- RASCI - responsible, accountable, supportive, consulted, informed
2- Power x Interest quadrants:
*high power high interest = key player, manage closely
*high power low interest = keep satisfied
*low power high interest = keep informed
*low power low interest = monitor

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17
Q

what are categories to consider as part of policy evaluation - DUE CAFE (7)

A

1- durability
2- unintended effects
3- effectiveness
4- cost
5- acceptability
6- feasibility
7- equity

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18
Q

what is the point of doing economic analyses (1)

A

1- to assess the relative costs vs. benefits of alternative health care interventions

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19
Q

what is a direct health cost (1)

A

1- actual financial cost of all goods, services, other resources consumed in the provision of a medical intervention (e.g. drugs, staff, tests)

20
Q

what is a direct non-health cost (1)

A

1- transport, support services, pension payouts

21
Q

what is an indirect cost (1)

A

1- costs associated with lost or impaired ability to work or (e.g., days lost from work, reduced productivity)

22
Q

what is an intangible cost (1)

A

1- pain and psychological harm, not measured directly by economic models, but
may be included in quality of life measurements

23
Q

what is cost-benefit analysis (CBA) (1)

A

1- Determine if monetary
valuation of an intervention’s benefits exceeds its cost

24
Q

what is the calculation outcome of CBA (2)

A

1- Ratio (benefit:cost ratio)
2- Difference (net benefit)

25
Q

what are advantages of CBA (3)

A

1- Compare different
interventions
2- Easy interpretation
3- Used to set budget
priorities

26
Q

what are disadvantages of CBA (1)

A

1- Valuing health in
monetary terms is
difficult so not commonly
used in health care

27
Q

what is a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) (1)

A

1- compare health interventions
with the same health objectives

28
Q

In CEA, you usually compare BLANK1 interventions to BLANK2 interventions and estimate the extra cost and effect

A

1- new
2- accepted

29
Q

what is the calculation outcome of CEA (1)

A

1- ICER - incremental cost-effectiveness ratio

30
Q

how do you calculate an ICER (1) and what does the denominator mean (*)

A

1- Cost A – Cost B / Effect A – Effect B

*effect = QALY, benefit, years, etc.

31
Q

what are advantages of CEA (2)

A

1- Easy for decision makers
2- Avoid valuing controversial outcomes (e.g. human life)

32
Q

what are disadvantages of CEA (2)

A

1- Can only compare interventions on the same outcome
2- only one outcome can be measured at a time

33
Q

what is cost-utility analysis (CUA) (1)

A

1- Sub-type of CEA used when
focus is on quality of life or if
treatments have many
outcomes

34
Q

what is the calculation outcome of CUA (1)

A

1- QALY - quality-adjusted life year

35
Q

what are advantages of CUA (1)

A

1- Uses a common unit to facilitate comparisons of cost-effectiveness of different
interventions across disease sites or treatments

36
Q

what are disadvantages of CUA (3)

A

1- Time consuming
2- Methods difficult (relies on expert opinion, rating scales, time trade off, standard gamble, etc.)
3- Difficult to interpret

37
Q

how do you calculate a QALY (1)

A

1- years of life x utility weight

*1 = perfect health

38
Q

what is cost minimization analysis (1)

A

1- two interventions that are generally similar in terms of effectiveness/outcomes
are compared in terms of dollars, for example the cost of Drug A versus the cost of Drug B

39
Q

what are the federal PIPEDA fair information principles (cover the collection, retention, use and deletion/destruction of health information) - SOCIAL-CALI (10)

A

1- safeguards
2- openness
3- challenging compliance
4- individual access
5- accuracy
6- limit use and disclosure
7- consent
8- accountability
9- limit collection
10- identify purpose

40
Q

what is a privacy breach (2)

A

1- collection, use, or disclosure of PI that is not in compliance with provisions of applicable privacy legislation.
2- Can be intentional or inadvertent

41
Q

what are measures you can take to prevent a privacy breach - TPP (3)

A

1- training
2- procedures
3- privacy impact assessments

42
Q

what is the protocol for managing a privacy breach - “Royal College nerd”, RC NRD (5)

A

1- respond
2- contain
3- notify
4- remediate
5- discipline

43
Q

what is PIPEDA (1)

A

1- Personal Information Protection and
Electronic Documents Act

44
Q

what is privacy (1)

A

1- individual’s right to be free from intrusion or interference by others in relation to their bodies,
personal information, thoughts and opinions

45
Q

what is confidentiality (1)

A

1- duty or obligation of an individual
or organization to protect entrusted information
provided by individuals from unauthorized access,
use, disclosure, modification, loss, or theft

46
Q

what is personal information (PI) (1)

A

1- any identifiable
information about an individual, written or verbal
(e.g. age, sex, sexual orientation, education, address, phone number)

47
Q

what is personal health information (PHI) (1)

A

1- any identifiable information about an individual that
relates to the provision of health care (medical
history, services, test results, health card number)

2025 PHPM Royal College Study - based on AN Summary Notes (30 decks)

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