PH Ethics

Question 1

when are biomedical ethics used (1)

Answer 1

1- when there is a one-on-one interaction between patient and provider

Question 2

what are the 4 principles of biomedical ethics (4)

Answer 2

1- beneficence
2- non-maleficence
3- autonomy
4- justice

Question 3

re: biomedical ethics, what is beneficence (2)

Answer 3

1- act in the best interest of the patient
2- balance benefits of intervention against risks

Question 4

re: biomedical ethics, what is non-maleficence (1)

Answer 4

1- first, do no harm

Question 5

re: biomedical ethics, what is autonomy (1)

Answer 5

1- self-determination and informed consent

Question 6

re: biomedical ethics, what is justice (1)

Answer 6

1- it is in regards to distribution of scarce health care resource

Question 7

what are the 4 general principles of public health ethics (not Upshur or Kass) - R2S2 (4)

Answer 7

1- reciprocity
2- respect for community
3- solidarity
4- social justice

Question 8

re: PH ethics principles, what is reciprocity (1)

Answer 8

1- support those who face disproportionate burden

Question 9

re: PH ethics principles, what is solidarity (1)

Answer 9

1- set aside individual interests for the collective good

Question 10

re: PH ethics principles, what is social justice (1)

Answer 10

1- justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges in a society

Question 11

what are the 3 requirements for informed consent (3)

Answer 11

1- voluntary consent
2- patient needs to have capacity
3- patient needs to be properly informed about nature of the intervention

Question 12

what is the purpose of the Upshur framework (1a) and example (1b)

Answer 12

1a- to answer the question, is an individual-level public health intervention ethically justifiable
1b- quarantine/self-isolation

Question 13

what are the 4 Upshur principles (4)

Answer 13

1- reciprocity
2- harm principle
3- transparency
4- least restrictive

Question 14

re: Upshur, what does reciprocity mean (1)

Answer 14

1- compensate those who are required to comply with ethical duties

Question 15

re: Upshur, what does harm principle mean (1)

Answer 15

1- the only reason power should be exercised over an individual against their will is to prevent harm to others (protect the public from harm)

Question 16

re: Upshur, what does transparency mean (1)

Answer 16

1- equal decision-making power for all stakeholders
2- have clear policies and procedures (P&P) for how decisions are made

Question 17

re: Upshur, what does least restrictive mean (1a) and an example (1b)

Answer 17

1a- only employ more coercive methods when less coercive methods have been tried and have failed
1b- e.g. do education before incarceration

Question 18

what is the purpose of the Kass framework (1)

Answer 18

1- to assess the ethical implications of a public health interventions/programs

Question 19

what are the principles of the Kass framework - first 2 re: goals (2)

Answer 19

1- what are the public health goals of the program
2- how effective has the program been in achieving these goals

Question 20

what are the principles of the Kass framework - middle 2 re: burdens (2)

Answer 20

1- what are the known or potential burdens of the program
2- what can be done to minimize these burdens, or are there alternative options to the program

Question 21

what are the principles of the Kass framework - last 2 re: fairness (2)

Answer 21

1- is the program implemented fairly
2- can the burdens and benefits be fairly balanced

Question 22

what is the precautionary principle (1)

Answer 22

1- Even if it is uncertain whether an activity will lead to harm, measures should be taken to prevent harm (i.e. better be safe than sorry)

Question 23

what is the IDEA framework for PH ethics (4)

Answer 23

1- identify the facts
2- determine relevant ethical principles
3- explore options
4- act

Question 24

what are the principles of the Canadian Pandemic Influenza Plan ethics - RITA (4)

Answer 24

1- transparency and openness
2- accountability
3- inclusiveness
4- reasonableness

Question 25

what are the principles of the UofT Joint Centre for Bioethics Pandemic Ethics - DIPPS PRETS (10)

Answer 25

1- duty to provide care
2- individual liberty
3- protect public from harm
4- proportionality
5- solidarity
6- privacy
7- reciprocity
8- equity
9- trust
10- stewardship

Question 26

what are the principles of the Accountability for Reasonableness (A4R) framework for establishing fair decision-making processes - E-PEAR (5)

Answer 26

1- enforcement
2- publicity (transparency)
3- empowerment (minimize power differences)
4- appeals (process for revising decisions)
5- relevance/reasonableness

Question 27

define procedural justice (1)

Answer 27

1- “Procedural justice” refers to the fairness of the process used to reach a decision, focusing on the rules and procedures followed - i.e. ‘how’ a decision is made

Question 28

define substantive justice (1)

Answer 28

1- “substantive justice” refers to the fairness of the outcome itself, considering whether the decision aligns with established laws and principles of justice - i.e. ‘what’ the decision is