Health Promotion, Chronic Disease and Injury Prevention - Part 1 Flashcards
define food security (1)
1- physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet dietary needs for an active and healthy life
define active transportation (1)
1- Use of human powered transportation to get from one place to another (e.g. biking, walking)
define poverty (1)
1- deprivation of resources, means, choices, and power necessary to acquire and maintain a basic level of living standards and to facilitate integration and participation in society
define health (1)
1- state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease
define health promotion (1)
1- process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health
define illness (1)
1- subjective experience of feeling unwell
define disease (1)
1- pathological process that may result in symptoms
define impairment (1)
1- loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical function/structure
define disability (1)
1- functional consequence of impairment (e.g. inability to speak or hear clearly)
define handicap (1)
1- social consequence or disadvantage of impairment (e.g. career change, job loss)
what are the pre-requisites for health - FISHES SEEPS (11)
1- Peace
2- shelter
3- food
4- income
5- education
6- stable ecosystem
7- sustainable resources
8- social justice
9- equity
10- human rights
11- empowerment of women
what are the determinants of health - SEE-C-BAGPIPERS (13)
1- Income and social status
2- Social support networks
3- Education and literacy
4- Employment and working conditions
5- Physical environment
6- Social environment
7- Personal health behaviours/coping skills
8- Early childhood development
9- Biology and genetic endowment
10- Gender
11- Culture
12- Access to health services
13- Race/Racism
what are pillars for reducing poverty - DOR (3)
1- dignity
2- opportunity and inclusion
3- resilience
what is another term for market basket measure (MBM) (1a),
what is MBM (1b),
how many MBM exist in Canada (1c)
1a- = Canada’s Official Poverty Line
1b- = cost of buying a specific set of goods/services that
represent a basic standard of living (clothing, transportation, shelter etc.) and ability to participate in community
1c- MBM exists for 53 geographic areas in Canada
around what percentage of Canadians live below the poverty line (1)
1- ~10%
what is basic income (1)
1- payment made to eligible
individuals that ensures a minimum income level, regardless of employment status
what are other low income measures used by StatsCan (3)
1- poverty rate
2- low-income cut-off
3- low-income measure
what are participatory principles - RISE (4)
1- respect
2- inclusion
3- social justice and equity
4- empowerment
what are the components of the Ottawa Charter -
the skills (AME)
and actions (BC DRS)
(8)
1- advocate
2- mediate
3- enable
4- build healthy public policy
5- create supportive environments
6- develop personal skills
7- reorient health services
8- strengthen community actions
re: ottawa charter, what does advocate mean - PEStlEBB (1)
1- advocate for political, economic, social, cultural, environmental,
behavioural and biological conditions that are favourable to health
re: ottawa charter, what does mediate mean (1)
1- professionals, social groups, health personnel have a responsibility to
mediate between differing societal interests
re: ottawa charter, what does enable mean (1)
1- enable people to take control of the determinants of their health, with the
goal of achieving equity in health
re: ottawa charter, what does build healthy public policy mean - what is it (LTFO) and who is involved (2)
1- legislation, fiscal measures, taxation, and organizational change should improve health equity and make healthier choices
easier
2- Not just health departments but all levels and sectors of government and other organizations
re: ottawa charter, what does create supportive environments mean (1)
1- refers to the “socioecological environment” - Care for our communities and our natural environment by conserving resources, healthy working conditions, and considering the health impact of environmental changes
re: ottawa charter, what does develop personal skills mean (1)
1- to cope with illness and injury, to make healthy
choices, and to exercise control over their own health and environment
re: ottawa charter, what does reorient health services mean (1)
1- expand the mandate of health services beyond clinical and curative services to support individuals and communities to provide
holistic care for the whole person
re: ottawa charter, what does strengthen community actions mean (1)
1- empower community action to improve social
support and public participation through collective actions
what is the health impact pyramid (1)
1- describes the impact of different types of public health interventions
what is the change in level of impact as you go up and down the health impact pyramid (1)
1- going up the pyramid = increasing individual effort needed to do intervention
2- going down pyramid = increasing population impact
what are the levels of the health impact pyramid, starting from bottom up - MCL-CE (5)
1- Modify SDOH: reduce poverty, improve housing
2- Change context to make the default decision healthy: community water fluoridation, legislation
3- Long-lasting protective interventions: vaccines, contraception, home modification
4- Clinical interventions: treatment, procedures
5- Education and counselling: 1-on-1 sessions
what is the socioecological model (SEM) (1)
1- posits that health behaviours and health outcomes are the result of complex interactions between individuals, organizations, community, and public policy
what does the socioecological model say about where interventions should be directed to be most effective for promoting health (1)
1- since factors across multiple levels interact to influence behaviour, multiple-level interventions are most
effective for promoting health
what are the levels of the socioecological model (start from inner circle and move out) - I-IOCS (5)
1- individual
2- interpersonal
3- organizational
4- community
5- societal/public policy
re: socioecological model, describe the individual level (1)
1- Individual factors: characteristics of the individual such as knowledge, attitudes, behavior, self-concept, skills, and developmental history
re: socioecological model, describe the interpersonal level (1)
1- Interpersonal: formal and informal social networks and social support systems, including family, work group, and friendship networks
re: socioecological model, describe the organizational level (1)
1- Organizational: social institutions with organizational characteristics
and formal (and informal) rules and regulations for operations (e.g. workplace, healthcare institutions, CBOs)
re: socioecological model, describe the community level (1)
1- Community: relationships among organizations, institutions, and
informational networks within defined boundaries (e.g. coalitions, media)
re: socioecological model, describe the societal level (1)
1- societal/public policy: local, state, national, and global laws and policies that allocate resources to establish and maintain a coalition that serves a mediating structure connecting individuals and the larger social
environment
at what level does the health belief model operate (1)
1- individual level
what is the health belief model (1)
1- predicts health behaviors by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals
what are the steps of the health belief model (4)
1- Perceived susceptibility
2- perceived severity
3- perceived benefits
4- perceived barriers
re: health belief model, what do beliefs around perceived susceptibility and seriousness lead to (1)
1- perceived threat
re: health belief model, what do beliefs around perceived benefits and barriers lead to (1)
1- outcome expectations from a health action
re: health belief model, what do beliefs around perceived threat and perceived outcome expectations lead to (1)
1- Self-efficacy: confidence in ability to carry out recommended action
at what level does the stages of change (transtheoretical) model operate (1)
1- individual level
what is the stages of change model (MR) (1)
1- whether or not an individual’s behaviour will change is based on their
motivation and readiness to change
what are the steps of the stages of change model - PC-PAM-TR (7)
1- Pre-contemplation
2- Contemplation
3- Preparation/Decision
4- Action
5- Maintenance
6- Termination
7- Relapse
re: stages of change, what is pre-contemplation (1)
1- Pre-contemplation: no intention of taking action, not conscious of poor behaviour choices
re: stages of change, what is contemplation (1)
1- Contemplation: intends to take action within 6 months, aware they have a behaviour problem
re: stages of change, what is preparation/decision (1)
1- Preparation/Decision: intends to take action soon, taken some behavioral steps in this direction
re: stages of change, what is action (1)
1- Action: actively changing behaviour for < 6 months, high risk of relapse
re: stages of change, what is maintenance (1)
1- Maintenance: maintain changed behaviour for >6 months, feels competent in overcoming barriers
re: stages of change, what is termination (1)
1- Termination: no temptation to return to the problem behaviours (not often reached)
re: stages of change, what is relapse (1)
1- Relapse: back to problem behaviours
at what level does the ‘stage theory of organizational change’ operate at (1)
1- organizational level
what is the stage theory of organizational change (1)
1- they are the steps an organization must take before an innovation or behaviour change practice is accepted
re: stage theory of organizational change, what are the steps - 2A2I (4)
1- Awareness-raising: identify health-related
problems and possible solutions among staff
2- Adoption: planning and choosing a policy,
program, or intervention to address the problem
3- Implementation: staff work together to implement an organizational wide change
4- Institutionalization: long term maintenance of
an idea or innovation
at what level does the ‘diffusion of innovation’ theory operate at (1)
1- community level
what is the diffusion of innovation theory (1)
1- process by which an innovation (new idea, product, practice, and philosophy) is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system
what are the categories of adopters in the diffusion of innovation theory - I-2E-2L (5)
*remember the ‘normal’-looking distribution curve that this theory is mapped on
1- Innovators (change agents)
2- Early adopters (opinion leaders)
3- Early majority (pragmatists)
4- Late majority (conservatives)
5- Laggards (skeptics)
what is the objective of Canada’s Healthy Eating Strategy (1)
1- improve food environment in Canada to make the healthier choice the easy choice
re: Canada’s healthy eating strategy, what are the 4 pillars - SIPI (4)
1- Improving healthy eating information: food
guide, food nutrition labels, ingredient lists, front-of-
package labelling
2- Improving nutrition quality: reduce sodium in
food, ban industrial trans-fat
3- Protect vulnerable groups: restrict marketing of
certain foods and beverages to children
4- Supporting increased access and availability: Nutrition North Canada subsidy program
what is Canada’s Food Guide (1)
1- to promote healthy eating, overall nutritional well-being, and support improvements to the Canadian food environment
what does the updated Canada Food Guide look like (3)
1- visual of the components of a plate: half plate veggies/fruit; quarter plate protein; quarter plate whole grains
2- positive key messaging on things to do (eating healthy is more than the foods you eat)
3- warning key messaging on things to look out for
what is the health rationale for the simplified updated Canada Food Guide - FFP (3)
1- Fibre reduces CVD, colon cancer, diabetes
2- Vegetables and fruits reduce CVD
3- Plant based protein and nuts decrease LDL cholesterol
what are the recommendations of Canada Food Guide - CHOMP-V-2W2L (10)
1- Veggies - Have plenty of vegetables and fruits
2- water - Make water your drink of choice
3- protein - Eat plant-based proteins
4- whole grain - Choose whole grain foods
5- habits - Be mindful of eating habits
6- labels - Use food labels
7- Cook more often
8- others - Enjoy your food and eat meals with others
9- marketing - Be aware of food marketing
10- Limit foods high in sodium, sugars and saturated fats
what are the guidelines for avoiding high salt, sugar and fat as part of Canada’s Food Guide (3)
1- Limit foods high in sodium (<2300mg/day)
2- free sugars (<10% total energy intake)
3- saturated fat (<10% total energy intake)
what percentage of Canadians are food insecure (1)
1- almost 20%
what are risk factors for food insecurity - H-LIRR (5)
1- Homes with 3 or more children
2- Low income and low education
3- Indigenous populations
4- Recent immigrants
5- Rural/remote location
what are signs of food insecurity in a household - B-VEG (4)
1- balanced- Cannot afford balanced meals
2- Go hungry by eating less or skipping meals
3- entire day - Sometimes not eating for an entire day
4- variety - Do not have access to the variety or quantity of food that they need due to lack of money
