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2025 PHPM Royal College Study - based on AN Summary Notes > Health Promotion, Chronic Disease and Injury Prevention - Part 1 > Flashcards

Health Promotion, Chronic Disease and Injury Prevention - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define food security (1)

A

1- physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet dietary needs for an active and healthy life

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2
Q

define active transportation (1)

A

1- Use of human powered transportation to get from one place to another (e.g. biking, walking)

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3
Q

define poverty (1)

A

1- deprivation of resources, means, choices, and power necessary to acquire and maintain a basic level of living standards and to facilitate integration and participation in society

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4
Q

define health (1)

A

1- state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease

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5
Q

define health promotion (1)

A

1- process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health

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6
Q

define illness (1)

A

1- subjective experience of feeling unwell

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7
Q

define disease (1)

A

1- pathological process that may result in symptoms

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8
Q

define impairment (1)

A

1- loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical function/structure

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9
Q

define disability (1)

A

1- functional consequence of impairment (e.g. inability to speak or hear clearly)

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10
Q

define handicap (1)

A

1- social consequence or disadvantage of impairment (e.g. career change, job loss)

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11
Q

what are the pre-requisites for health - FISHES SEEPS (11)

A

1- Peace
2- shelter
3- food
4- income
5- education
6- stable ecosystem
7- sustainable resources
8- social justice
9- equity
10- human rights
11- empowerment of women

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12
Q

what are the determinants of health - SEE-C-BAGPIPERS (13)

A

1- Income and social status
2- Social support networks
3- Education and literacy
4- Employment and working conditions
5- Physical environment
6- Social environment
7- Personal health behaviours/coping skills
8- Early childhood development
9- Biology and genetic endowment
10- Gender
11- Culture
12- Access to health services
13- Race/Racism

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13
Q

what are pillars for reducing poverty - DOR (3)

A

1- dignity
2- opportunity and inclusion
3- resilience

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14
Q

what is another term for market basket measure (MBM) (1a),

what is MBM (1b),

how many MBM exist in Canada (1c)

A

1a- = Canada’s Official Poverty Line
1b- = cost of buying a specific set of goods/services that
represent a basic standard of living (clothing, transportation, shelter etc.) and ability to participate in community
1c- MBM exists for 53 geographic areas in Canada

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15
Q

around what percentage of Canadians live below the poverty line (1)

A

1- ~10%

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16
Q

what is basic income (1)

A

1- payment made to eligible
individuals that ensures a minimum income level, regardless of employment status

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17
Q

what are other low income measures used by StatsCan (3)

A

1- poverty rate
2- low-income cut-off
3- low-income measure

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18
Q

what are participatory principles - RISE (4)

A

1- respect
2- inclusion
3- social justice and equity
4- empowerment

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19
Q

what are the components of the Ottawa Charter -
the skills (AME)
and actions (BC DRS)
(8)

A

1- advocate
2- mediate
3- enable
4- build healthy public policy
5- create supportive environments
6- develop personal skills
7- reorient health services
8- strengthen community actions

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20
Q

re: ottawa charter, what does advocate mean - PEStlEBB (1)

A

1- advocate for political, economic, social, cultural, environmental,
behavioural and biological conditions that are favourable to health

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21
Q

re: ottawa charter, what does mediate mean (1)

A

1- professionals, social groups, health personnel have a responsibility to
mediate between differing societal interests

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22
Q

re: ottawa charter, what does enable mean (1)

A

1- enable people to take control of the determinants of their health, with the
goal of achieving equity in health

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23
Q

re: ottawa charter, what does build healthy public policy mean - what is it (LTFO) and who is involved (2)

A

1- legislation, fiscal measures, taxation, and organizational change should improve health equity and make healthier choices
easier
2- Not just health departments but all levels and sectors of government and other organizations

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24
Q

re: ottawa charter, what does create supportive environments mean (1)

A

1- refers to the “socioecological environment” - Care for our communities and our natural environment by conserving resources, healthy working conditions, and considering the health impact of environmental changes

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25
Q

re: ottawa charter, what does develop personal skills mean (1)

A

1- to cope with illness and injury, to make healthy
choices, and to exercise control over their own health and environment

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26
Q

re: ottawa charter, what does reorient health services mean (1)

A

1- expand the mandate of health services beyond clinical and curative services to support individuals and communities to provide
holistic care for the whole person

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27
Q

re: ottawa charter, what does strengthen community actions mean (1)

A

1- empower community action to improve social
support and public participation through collective actions

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28
Q

what is the health impact pyramid (1)

A

1- describes the impact of different types of public health interventions

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29
Q

what is the change in level of impact as you go up and down the health impact pyramid (1)

A

1- going up the pyramid = increasing individual effort needed to do intervention
2- going down pyramid = increasing population impact

30
Q

what are the levels of the health impact pyramid, starting from bottom up - MCL-CE (5)

A

1- Modify SDOH: reduce poverty, improve housing
2- Change context to make the default decision healthy: community water fluoridation, legislation
3- Long-lasting protective interventions: vaccines, contraception, home modification
4- Clinical interventions: treatment, procedures
5- Education and counselling: 1-on-1 sessions

31
Q

what is the socioecological model (SEM) (1)

A

1- posits that health behaviours and health outcomes are the result of complex interactions between individuals, organizations, community, and public policy

32
Q

what does the socioecological model say about where interventions should be directed to be most effective for promoting health (1)

A

1- since factors across multiple levels interact to influence behaviour, multiple-level interventions are most
effective for promoting health

33
Q

what are the levels of the socioecological model (start from inner circle and move out) - I-IOCS (5)

A

1- individual
2- interpersonal
3- organizational
4- community
5- societal/public policy

34
Q

re: socioecological model, describe the individual level (1)

A

1- Individual factors: characteristics of the individual such as knowledge, attitudes, behavior, self-concept, skills, and developmental history

35
Q

re: socioecological model, describe the interpersonal level (1)

A

1- Interpersonal: formal and informal social networks and social support systems, including family, work group, and friendship networks

36
Q

re: socioecological model, describe the organizational level (1)

A

1- Organizational: social institutions with organizational characteristics
and formal (and informal) rules and regulations for operations (e.g. workplace, healthcare institutions, CBOs)

37
Q

re: socioecological model, describe the community level (1)

A

1- Community: relationships among organizations, institutions, and
informational networks within defined boundaries (e.g. coalitions, media)

38
Q

re: socioecological model, describe the societal level (1)

A

1- societal/public policy: local, state, national, and global laws and policies that allocate resources to establish and maintain a coalition that serves a mediating structure connecting individuals and the larger social
environment

39
Q

at what level does the health belief model operate (1)

A

1- individual level

40
Q

what is the health belief model (1)

A

1- predicts health behaviors by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals

41
Q

what are the steps of the health belief model (4)

A

1- Perceived susceptibility
2- perceived severity
3- perceived benefits
4- perceived barriers

42
Q

re: health belief model, what do beliefs around perceived susceptibility and seriousness lead to (1)

A

1- perceived threat

43
Q

re: health belief model, what do beliefs around perceived benefits and barriers lead to (1)

A

1- outcome expectations from a health action

44
Q

re: health belief model, what do beliefs around perceived threat and perceived outcome expectations lead to (1)

A

1- Self-efficacy: confidence in ability to carry out recommended action

45
Q

at what level does the stages of change (transtheoretical) model operate (1)

A

1- individual level

46
Q

what is the stages of change model (MR) (1)

A

1- whether or not an individual’s behaviour will change is based on their
motivation and readiness to change

47
Q

what are the steps of the stages of change model - PC-PAM-TR (7)

A

1- Pre-contemplation
2- Contemplation
3- Preparation/Decision
4- Action
5- Maintenance
6- Termination
7- Relapse

48
Q

re: stages of change, what is pre-contemplation (1)

A

1- Pre-contemplation: no intention of taking action, not conscious of poor behaviour choices

49
Q

re: stages of change, what is contemplation (1)

A

1- Contemplation: intends to take action within 6 months, aware they have a behaviour problem

50
Q

re: stages of change, what is preparation/decision (1)

A

1- Preparation/Decision: intends to take action soon, taken some behavioral steps in this direction

51
Q

re: stages of change, what is action (1)

A

1- Action: actively changing behaviour for < 6 months, high risk of relapse

52
Q

re: stages of change, what is maintenance (1)

A

1- Maintenance: maintain changed behaviour for >6 months, feels competent in overcoming barriers

53
Q

re: stages of change, what is termination (1)

A

1- Termination: no temptation to return to the problem behaviours (not often reached)

54
Q

re: stages of change, what is relapse (1)

A

1- Relapse: back to problem behaviours

55
Q

at what level does the ‘stage theory of organizational change’ operate at (1)

A

1- organizational level

56
Q

what is the stage theory of organizational change (1)

A

1- they are the steps an organization must take before an innovation or behaviour change practice is accepted

57
Q

re: stage theory of organizational change, what are the steps - 2A2I (4)

A

1- Awareness-raising: identify health-related
problems and possible solutions among staff
2- Adoption: planning and choosing a policy,
program, or intervention to address the problem
3- Implementation: staff work together to implement an organizational wide change
4- Institutionalization: long term maintenance of
an idea or innovation

58
Q

at what level does the ‘diffusion of innovation’ theory operate at (1)

A

1- community level

59
Q

what is the diffusion of innovation theory (1)

A

1- process by which an innovation (new idea, product, practice, and philosophy) is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system

60
Q

what are the categories of adopters in the diffusion of innovation theory - I-2E-2L (5)

*remember the ‘normal’-looking distribution curve that this theory is mapped on

A

1- Innovators (change agents)
2- Early adopters (opinion leaders)
3- Early majority (pragmatists)
4- Late majority (conservatives)
5- Laggards (skeptics)

61
Q

what is the objective of Canada’s Healthy Eating Strategy (1)

A

1- improve food environment in Canada to make the healthier choice the easy choice

62
Q

re: Canada’s healthy eating strategy, what are the 4 pillars - SIPI (4)

A

1- Improving healthy eating information: food
guide, food nutrition labels, ingredient lists, front-of-
package labelling
2- Improving nutrition quality: reduce sodium in
food, ban industrial trans-fat
3- Protect vulnerable groups: restrict marketing of
certain foods and beverages to children
4- Supporting increased access and availability: Nutrition North Canada subsidy program

63
Q

what is Canada’s Food Guide (1)

A

1- to promote healthy eating, overall nutritional well-being, and support improvements to the Canadian food environment

64
Q

what does the updated Canada Food Guide look like (3)

A

1- visual of the components of a plate: half plate veggies/fruit; quarter plate protein; quarter plate whole grains
2- positive key messaging on things to do (eating healthy is more than the foods you eat)
3- warning key messaging on things to look out for

65
Q

what is the health rationale for the simplified updated Canada Food Guide - FFP (3)

A

1- Fibre reduces CVD, colon cancer, diabetes
2- Vegetables and fruits reduce CVD
3- Plant based protein and nuts decrease LDL cholesterol

66
Q

what are the recommendations of Canada Food Guide - CHOMP-VWW-2L (10)

A

1- Veggies - Have plenty of vegetables and fruits
2- water - Make water your drink of choice
3- protein - Eat plant-based proteins
4- whole grain - Choose whole grain foods
5- habits - Be mindful of eating habits
6- labels - Use food labels
7- Cook more often
8- others - Enjoy your food and eat meals with others
9- marketing - Be aware of food marketing
10- Limit foods high in sodium, sugars and saturated fats

67
Q

what are the guidelines for avoiding high salt, sugar and fat as part of Canada’s Food Guide (3)

A

1- Limit foods high in sodium (<2300mg/day)
2- free sugars (<10% total energy intake)
3- saturated fat (<10% total energy intake)

68
Q

what percentage of Canadians are food insecure (1)

A

1- almost 20%

69
Q

what are risk factors for food insecurity - H-LIRR (5)

A

1- Homes with 3 or more children
2- Low income and low education
3- Indigenous populations
4- Recent immigrants
5- Rural/remote location

70
Q

what are signs of food insecurity in a household - B-VEG (4)

A

1- balanced- Cannot afford balanced meals
2- Go hungry by eating less or skipping meals
3- entire day - Sometimes not eating for an entire day
4- variety - Do not have access to the variety or quantity of food that they need due to lack of money

2025 PHPM Royal College Study - based on AN Summary Notes (30 decks)

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