Grab bag- KNOW THESE Flashcards
what four diseases require notification to WHO in all circumstances under the IHR (2005) (4)
1- smallpox
2- poliomyelitis due to wild type poliovirus
3- human influenza caused by a new subtype
4- severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
what are the 4 principles from Upshur’s ethical framework for public health (4)
1- harm principle
2- least restrictive or coercive means
3- reciprocity principle
4- transparency principle
what is a standard drink in Canada (4)
1- 12oz bottle of beer
2- 5oz glass of wine
3- 1.5oz shot of spirits
as per Canada’s low risk drinking guidance, what is the drinks/week that constitutes low risk (1)
1- having 2 or less standards drinks per week
as per Canada’s low risk drinking guidance, if you drink 3-6 standard drinks per week, your risk of what health outcomes increase? (1)
1- risk of developing certain cancers - breast, colon, GI (rectum, liver, esophagus, larynx, throat, mouth)
as per Canada’s low risk drinking guidance, if you drink 7+ standard drinks per week, your risk of what health outcomes increase? (1)
1- risk of heart disease and stroke
as per Canada’s low risk drinking guidance, what are some short-term risks of alcohol consumption (5)
1- injury to self and others
2- behaviours - impulsive, aggressive
3- impaired attention/judgment
4- impaired memory/cognition
5- nausea/vomiting
etc.
as per Canada’s low risk drinking guidance, what are some short-term risks of alcohol consumption after severe intoxication (3)
1- coma
2- respiratory arrest
3- death
what is latent period (1)
1- interval between initial contact with an infectious agent and the beginning of the communicable period (individual is not infectious
during the latent period)
what is incubation period (2)
1- interval between initial contact with an infectious agent and the first appearance of symptoms
2- can overlap with communicable period - I.e. you can be infectious before symptoms have appeared
what are the steps for drinking water treatment (7, 7ab)
Spicy Pickles Can Force Sylas (to) Fart Dangerously
1- Screening
2- Pre-chlorination
3- Coagulation
4- Flocculation
5- Sedimentation
6- Filtration
7- Disinfection:
7a- Primary disinfection
7b- Secondary disinfection
re: steps for drinking water treatment, what is ‘screening’ (1)
1- Screening: remove debris
re: steps for drinking water treatment, what is ‘pre-chlorination’ (1)
1- Pre-chlorination: arrests biological growth of
incoming source water
re: steps for drinking water treatment, what is ‘coagulation’ (1)
1- Coagulation: chemicals rapidly mixed water in
order to bind large particles together
re: steps for drinking water treatment, what is ‘flocculation’ (1)
1- Flocculation: gentle mixing used to increase the
particle size to create even larger suspended
particles (flocs)
re: steps for drinking water treatment, what is ‘sedimentation’ (1)
1- Sedimentation: suspended particles settle out
re: steps for drinking water treatment, what is filtration (1)
1- Filtration: pass water through filter to capture
solid particles. Effective against protozoa and cysts
re: steps for drinking water treatment, what is disinfection (1)
1- Disinfection: inactivation of pathogens not
physically removed by filtration
re: steps for drinking water treatment, what is primary disinfection (1a, 1b examples - UV-CO)
1a- Primary disinfection: kills/inactivates bacteria,
viruses, other pathogens early in treatment process
before water enters distribution system
1b- e.g. chlorine, ozone, UV
re: steps for drinking water treatment, what is secondary disinfection (1a, 1b examples - MCC)
1a- Secondary disinfection: provides longer-
lasting water treatment as the water moves through
distribution system
1b- e.g. monochloramine, chlorine, chlorine dioxide
re: primary disinfection ‘chlorination’, are secondary residuals/byproducts formed - TCB (3)
YES
1- trihalomethanes
2- chloroform
3- bromodichloromethane
re: primary disinfection ‘ozone’, are secondary residuals/byproducts formed (1)
1- no
re: primary disinfection ‘UV radiation’, are secondary residuals/byproducts formed (1)
1- no
re: primary disinfection ‘chlorination’, what are pros - CM (2)
1- residuals are easy to monitor
2- it is cheap
re: primary disinfection ‘chlorination’, what are cons -TB (2)
1- May leave taste/odour
2- Disinfection by-products
can be harmful
re: primary disinfection ‘ozone’, what are pros - TD (2)
1- high disinfectant capacity
2- removes taste/odour
re: primary disinfection ‘ozone’, what are cons - EES (3)
1- expensive
2- energy intensive
3- requires secondary disinfection
re: primary disinfection ‘UV radiation’, what are pros (1)
1- simple process
re: primary disinfection ‘UV radiation’, what are cons (2)
1- requires Pre-treatment
filtration
2- Requires secondary disinfection
define bias (2)
1- Consistent and systematic deviation from the truth
2- impacts the difference between the observed value and true value in a predictable manner (i.e. always occurs in the same direction)
what are biases in screening (3)
1- Selection bias: healthy people more likely to be screened
2- Lead-time bias: overestimate survival by detecting disease earlier
3- Length-time bias: overestimate survival by detecting slowly progressing disease
if H0 (null hypothesis) is no disease/outcome, what is meant by alpha (1)
1- Type 1 error - false positive - error that occurs when you reject the null when it is true
e.g. you tell a man they they are pregnant
if H0 (null hypothesis) is no disease/outcome, what is meant by beta (1)
1- Type 2 error - false negative - error that occurs when you don’t reject the null when it is false
e.g. you tell a visibly pregnant woman that they are not pregnant
define basic reproductive number (R0) (1)
1- Average number of secondary infections
generated by the first infectious individual in a
population of completely susceptible individuals
what are SMART objectives/goals (5)
1- specific
2- measurable
3- achievable
4- relevant
5- timely
what is the scope of the federal Quarantine Act (1)
1- Quarantine Act can only be invoked for issues between points of entry and exit into Canada (i.e. no jurisdiction on movement between PT)
what are the most effective strategies to prevent falls, generally (in the elderly) - STN SMSM (8)
1- Exercise: challenge your balance and build strength.
2- sleep sufficiently
3- Take your time: don’t rush when walking or getting up.
4- Nutrition and hydration
5- Get your sight and hearing checked regularly - use glasses/hearing aids as needed
6- Medications - avoid polypharmacy, some meds can make you dizzy/prone to fall
7- shoes - Wear well-fitting, sturdy shoes.
8- mobility device - Consider using a cane or other mobility device if needed.
what are strategies to prevent falls indoors (in the elderly) - LCGRW (5)
1- Lighting - sufficient
2- clutter-free - Keep stairs free of clutter and exterior stairs and walkways free of clutter, ice or snow.
3- grab bars - Install hand rails along stairs and safety grab bars in the bathroom.
4- remove hazards - slipping and tripping hazards, and use non-slip mats or rugs.
5- within reach - Ensure regularly used items are within reach.
define primary data (1)
1- new data collected as part of an assessment, study, etc.
define secondary data (1)
1- pre-existing data is then synthesized or processed and can come from multiple sources of primary data
what are some sources of primary data - SIP-FF (5)
1- interviews (key informant)
2- focus groups
3- surveys/questionnaires
4- public meetings
5- forums
what are some sources of secondary data - SHG MRCS (7)
1- statistics canada (e.g. CCHS)
2- health care data (e.g. from CIHI)
3- government reports and websites
4- municipal planning documents
5- reports from public health agencies
6- community - data from community organizations
7- school board data
what are groups generally considered at higher risk for various diseases - depends on disease, look at the context (10)
1- extremes of age - young children, elderly
2- immunocompromised
3- chronic medical conditions
4- comorbid medical conditions
5- rural/remote/Northern place of living
6- pregnant people
7- indigenous people
8- new immigrants
9- those who are hospitalized or in ICU
10- institutionalized (incarcerated, LTC, etc.)
define vaccine hesitancy (1)
1- Delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccine services
what are categories of reasons for vaccine hesitancy (3)
1- complacency
2- convenience
3- confidence
re: vaccine hesitancy, what does complacency mean - NE (2)
1- need - Lack of perceived need or value for vaccine
2- experience - Lack of experience with vaccine preventable
diseases
re: vaccine hesitancy, what does convenience mean - AC (2)
1- access - Lack of access (geographic barriers, time barriers)
2- Cost barriers
re: vaccine hesitancy, what does confidence mean - LF- PI-PARDS (9)
1- Lack of trust in vaccine, provider, or the process
2- Fear of being injected with a substance derived
from disease-causing organisms
3- Past adverse experiences
4- intimidated - Feeling intimidated
5- Perceived risk/benefit
6- Actual risk/benefit (technical concerns over
probability of side effects)
7- Religious beliefs
8- Social context and media personalities
9- Distrust of health system, industry, government
SEE MEASLES, MPOX, (CONGENITAL) SYPHILIS SLIDE DECKS
What are modifiable risk factors that could be relevant to many (if not most) diseases (4)
1- exercise/physical activity
2- diet
3- alcohol consumption & tobacco use
4- overweight/obesity
what are the core pillars of the PHAC STBBI action plan (4 +1)
1- prevention
2- testing
3- initiation of care and treatment
4- ongoing care and support
5- enabling environment underpinning it all
