Pes Planus

Question 1

pronation is a combination of

Answer 1

eversion of calcaneus
abduction of forefoot
dorsiflexion at subtalar joint

Question 2

eversion of calcaneus leading to pronation is called

Answer 2

hindfoot VALGUS

(if calcaneus is valgus knees are as well)

Question 3

supination involves what movements

Answer 3

inversion, adduction, plantar flexion at subtalar joint

Question 4

what is the medial arch maintained by in a static foot

Answer 4

long & short plantar ligaments
plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament
plantar aponeurosis

Question 5

in an active foot, what structures provide a muscular sling to support the arch

Answer 5

tib post
tib ant
peroneus longus

all prevent the foot from flattening into a pronated position

Question 6

what bone is the keystone that holds the lateral longitudinal arch

Answer 6

cuboid

Question 7

how is the talar head displaced in pes planus

Answer 7

medially & inferiorly from navicular bone

Question 8

gastroc and soleus = postural mms, how do they respond to stress

Answer 8

shortening
which can lead to adhesions, TRPs

Question 9

what bones form the medial longitudinal arch

Answer 9

calcaneus
talus
navicular
3 cuneiforms
3 medial metatarsals

Question 10

a decreased medial, longitudinal arch and pronated foot =

Answer 10

pes planus

Question 11

tib ant and peroneals and phasic muscles - how do they respond to stress

Answer 11

by fatiguing

Question 12

mm’s that evert the foot

Answer 12

peroneus longus, brevis, tertius

Question 13

where does the peroneal longus tendon insert

Answer 13

wraps around lateral surface of cuboid and inserts into medial plantar surface of first cuboid and first metatarsal
(indirectly everting foot)

Question 14

where does peroneus tertius and brevis insert

Answer 14

laterally onto base of 5th metatarsal, directly everting foot

in a pronated foot these mms are prone to TRPS and taut bands

Question 15

inversion of forefoot on the hindfoot at midtarsal joint is called _____

Answer 15

forefoot varus

Question 16

what allows hallux valgus

Answer 16

spreading of anterior transverse arch espec. between 1st and 2nd metatarsal heads

Question 17

high medial longitudinal arch
calcaneus is inverted
tib ant, tib post, toe flexors are shortened =

Answer 17

pes cavus

Question 18

what also looks like pes cavus

Answer 18

hindfoot varus

inversion of calcaneus , seen w supination

Question 19

eversion of forefoot on hindfoot at midtarsal joint =

Answer 19

forefoot valgus

Question 20

foot pain experienced at metatarsal heads =

Answer 20

metatarsalgia

Question 21

swelling of distal interdigital nerves of foot - between 3rd / 4th metatarsals =

Answer 21

mortons neuroma

can be caused by hypermobility at metatarsals
pain from weight bearing as nerve is compressed between bones

Question 22

w pes planus what mms are short

Answer 22

gastroc
soleus
perones longus, brevis, tertius (shortened by pronation)

Question 23

what muscle is weak w pes planus that supports the arch

Answer 23

tib post

Question 24

symptom picture for pes planus

Answer 24

hypermobility of medial arch
foot pronated
functional/structural
unilateral/bilateral

Question 25

what muscles are lenghtned and weak w pes planus

Answer 25

tib ant / post / toe flexors intrinsic mms of foot

Question 26

Ci's

Answer 26

dont mobilize hypermobile joints on medial longitudinal arch dont passively stretch tib ant or post avoid using heat on plantar surface in presence of inflammatory process frictions CI'd if on anti-inflammatories

Question 27

what orientation is the achilles tendon w pes planus

Answer 27

valgus valgus may occur at knees as well valgus orientation of 1st metatarsal can occur as well

Question 28

pes planus =

Answer 28

VALGUS orientations

Question 29

with femoral anteversion what is increased vs decreased

Answer 29

internal rotation of hip is increased external rotation of hip is decreased

Question 30

where would you avoid deep muscle stripping in the lower leg when treating pes planus

Answer 30

along distal posteromedial border of tibia where tib post is situated (which is already lengthened)

Question 31

with treatment for pes planus, when doing PROM what movement would you avoid

Answer 31

eversion can do dorsiflexion and inversion

Question 32

when stretching into gastrocs what do you use as a lever to stretch

Answer 32

calcaneus to avoid using forefoot and stretching bottom of foot that is already lengthened

Question 33

hindfoot valgus is another term for

Answer 33

eversion

Question 34

what is the primary dynamic structural support for the arch

Answer 34

tibialis posterior