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Personality & Individual Differences > Personality Type Theory & Health Behaviour > Flashcards

Personality Type Theory & Health Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

PERSONALITY HEALTH & ILLNESS: WOMEN EXCLUDED

A
  • historically most medical/psychological research focussed on men; extrapolated women -> deaths
  • women have dif bio systems
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2
Q

PERSONALITY TYPE THEORY

A
  • typological personality approach underpinned by assumption: people = qualitatively dif aka. there are dif types of people
  • type theory focuses on trait patterns characterising people; sort patterns into people types
  • aim = classify people into distinct/discontinuous categories aka. you’re one or the other
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3
Q

TYPES VS TRAITS

A
  • consider personality dimension of “introversion-extroversion”
  • personality TYPE approach = EITHER introvert/extrovert
  • personality TRAIT approach = you can be anywhere on continuum ranging introversion-extroversion (ie. he/she is SOMEWHAT extraverted); dimensional trait approach
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4
Q

THE FOUR HUMOURS

A
  • Ancient Greeks; early personality typology; excess of X leads to:
    1. BLOOD = sanguine (cheerful)/ruddy/robust
    2. BLACK BILE = melancholic/depressed
    3. YELLOW BILE/CHOLER = choleric/bitter/angry
    4. PHLEGM = phlegmatic/cold/apathetic
  • contemporary overlap = type A personality (chronic hostility/choleric) raises heart attack risk
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5
Q

THE FOUR HUMOURS X EYSENCK’S PERSONALITY THEORY

A

MELANCHOLIC
- emotionally unstable/neurotic
- introverted
CHOLERIC
- emotionally unstable/neurotic
- extraverted
PHLEGMATIC
- emotionally stable
- introverted
SANGUINE
- emotionally stable
- extraverted

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6
Q

JUNGIAN PERSONALITY THEORY

A
  • drew upon Freud/Adler along w/clinical observations
  • at least 2 dif personality types:
    1. extraversion = externally orientated
    2. introversion = internally orientated
  • never wholly one or other BUT both aspects incorporated; one predominates in functioning
  • led to Jungian Types
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7
Q

JUNGIAN TYPES: DOMINAT FUNCTION

A
  • extraversion/introversion
  • to address dif in introvert/extrovert groups Jung classified how people relate to world via 2 auxiliary functions
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8
Q

JUNGIAN TYPES: TWO AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS

A
  • each w/2 opposite functioning methods (ways to relate to world in dominant functions):
    1. PERCEIVING INFO (via senses/intuition)
    2. MAKING DECISIONS (objective logic/subjective feelings)
  • prefs; can use both BUT prefer one > other
  • innate “inborn predispositions”
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9
Q

JUNGIAN TYPES: ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES

A
  • innate prefs = interact/shaped by environmental influences:
    CULTURAL BACKGROUND
    FAMILY ENVIRONMENT
    EDUCATION
    OTHER SOCIAL/ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
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10
Q

THE 8 JUNGIAN TYPES

A
  • using dominant/auxiliary functions/prefs:
    1. EXTRAVERTED THINKING
    2. EXTRAVERTED FEELING
    3. EXTRAVERTED SENSING
    4. EXTRAVERTED INTUITION
    5. INTROVERTED THINKING
    6. INTROVERTED FEELING
    7. INTROVERTED SENSING
    8. INTROVERTED INTUITION
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11
Q

JUNG: PERSONALITY PSYCH CONTRIBUTION

A
  • development of Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicator; widely used personality inventory
  • Eysenck/others’ theorising; extraversion-introversion = fundamental to most trait theories
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12
Q

JUNG’S TYPOLOGY

A

BRIGGS & MEYERS
- developed it
- described 4th auxiliary function/pref: how to deal w/world on daily basis
- judging pref = ordered/structured environment
- perceiving pref = flexible/unstructured environment
- individuals have preferred operations mode in 4 traits/functions:
1. EXTROVERTED-INTROVERTED
2. SENSING-INTUITIVE
3. THINKING-FEELING
4. JUDGING-PERCEIVING

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13
Q

JUNG: THE FOUR FUNCTIONS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

A

FEELING (JUDGING)
- function of subjective estimation
SENSING (PERCEIVING)
- perception by means of sense organs
INTUITING (PERCEIVING)
- perceiving in unconscious way/unconscious contents
THINKING (JUDGING)
- function of intellectual cognition
- forming of logical conclusions

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14
Q

THE MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR (MBTI)

A
  • define 16 dif personality types
  • commercially available questionnaire widely used in business to assist employment decisions
  • empirical evidence ps reliability/validity
  • 16 personality types questioned
    PITTENGER (2005)
  • re-test data (3m post) indicates approximately 50% = classified as dif type
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15
Q

HEALTH & ILLNESS

A
  • long history of individual differences study in health/illness (ie. four humours)
  • contemporary times = health/positive psych
  • people react dif to health/illness (ie. cancer = fine; common cold = death’s door)
  • health isn’t simply about physical/mental disease absence; includes attitudes individuals have towards it; individual difs matter
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16
Q

PERSONALITY TYPES & HEALTH LINK

A
  • certain personality types may be linked to health/illness (ie. cardiovascular disease)
  • heart disease = global issue (17.4m deaths worldwide)
  • UK heart disease/related circulatory illnesses = main death cause (198k deaths annually (1/5 men; 1/8 women die)
  • lots of money invested globally into research
17
Q

CORONARY HEART DISEASE & PERSONALITY

A
  • long history linking heart disease to personality/looking for causal link
    FRIEDMAN & ROSENMAN (1959)
  • stirred modern interest
  • tried but couldn’t predict cardiovascular disease from physical factors alone; started to examine personality factors
  • observed relationship between coronary heart disease/certain emotional/psychological characteristics
  • type A = coronary-prone beh pattern
  • type B = non-coronary prone personality
18
Q

TYPE A PERSONALITY

A
  • emotional/beh style of type A individual marked by aggressive ongoing struggle to achieve ^ in less time; oft competition w/others
  • type As tend to:
    1. lead fast paced lives; work longer hours/weeks > type Bs
    2. intolerant of others; need for control
    3. show dif physiological responses to stress compared w/other types
  • aka. climbing a mountain “because it’s there”
19
Q

TYPE B PERSONALITY

A
  • relaxed/unhurried approach
  • might work hard sometimes BUT not driven in compulsive manner of type As
  • less interested in competition/power/achievement; ^ able to take life as it comes
  • aka. resting by a mountain “because it’s there”
20
Q

TYPE A X CORONARY HEART DISEASE

A
  • individuals appear to supper ^ heart disease risk
    BLANEY ET AL (1986)
  • can sacrifice social/familial relationships to achievement striving
    NABI ET AL (2005)
  • have more driving accidents > type B drivers
21
Q

TYPE A VS B: MISCONCEPTIONS

A
  • NOT “true” categorical types; rather dimensional/arranged on continuum
  • range from one extreme to other w/most people falling around middle aka. normal distribution
  • type A = one extreme; type B = other
  • type A = NOT a single trait; syndrome of several
22
Q

TYPE A: MAJOR TRAIT COMPONENTS

A

GLASS (1977)
1. easily aroused hostility/aggression
2. time urgency sense
3. competitive achievement strivings/motivation

23
Q

TYPE A X CHD: RESEARCH I

A

JENKINS ET A (1976)
- some studies show Type A = CHD predictor
WANNAMETHEE (1997)
- no found CHD association
WAN & COSTA (1996)
- methodology/measurement issues = inconsistency causes/issues
- some use structured interviews; some self-report questionnaires
- studies using questionnaire measures less likely to find association between type A/CHD compared w/studies using structured interview method

24
Q

TYPE A X CHD: RESEARCH II

A
  • not all dimensions of type A ^ CHD risk
    KRANTZ & MCCENEY (2002)
  • anger/hostility component ^ strongly implicated as CHD risk factor > other type A dimensions
    DEMROSKI & COSTA (1987)
  • people ^ in anger/hostility = strong reactions to daily frustrations/life inconveniences
    CHILDA & STEPTOE (2009)
  • meta-analysis; 45 studies
  • hostility/anger associated w/20% ^ CHD risk -> poorer outcomes for people w/CHD
25
Q

WILLIAMS ET AL (2000)

A
  • studied 12k healthy middle-aged men/women over 4.5ys
  • pps w/^ anger scores = x2 likely to suffer from CHD > low scores; nearly x3 likely to be hospitalised/die from CHD during study
26
Q

MYRTEK (2001)

A
  • meta-analysis of prospective studies on CHD
  • type A personality/hostility
  • findings didn’t show association between more general type A beh patterns BUT did show association between CHD/hostility
27
Q

ANGER/HOSTILITY X CHD

A
  • possible connections include: unhealth lifestyles/poor social support/weaker immune systems/enhanced cardiovascular reactivity to stress
    SMITH (1992)
  • hostile individuals engage in ^ high-risk health behs that ^ CHD risk; ^ hostility associated w/^ caffeine consumption/weight/smoking/alcohol/hypertension
28
Q

TYPE A X CHD: MECHANISMS

A
  • enhanced cardiovascular stress reactivity provides most important connection between anger/hostility/CHD
  • 2 mechanisms proposed via which ^ cardiovascular reactivity in conflict situations promoted CHD:
    1. MECHANICAL THEORY
    2. HORMONE BASED THEORY
29
Q

TYPE A: SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A
  • sympathetic nervous system chronically hyper-reactive in people exhibiting type A beh
  • type A personalities secrete excessive amounts of epinephrine/norepinephrine; plays part in constriction/dilation of blood vessels; role in heart problem onset
  • interventions aimed at reducing stress/anger/hostility/altering lifestyle patterns = effective in reducing CHD issues risk
30
Q

TYPE D PERSONALITY

A

DICKENS ET AL (2007)
- examined links between personality/CHD
- identified risk trait cluster:
DEPRESSION
LOW SOCIAL SUPPORT
HIGH HOSTILITY/ANGER
- aka. type A overlap

31
Q

TYPE D X CHD

A

DENOLLET (2005)
- originally formulated type D aka. distressed personality type
- depression/low perceived social support related to cardiovascular morbidity/mortality
- type D predisposes to CHD via combining 2 traits:
1. negative affectivity (tendency to experience negative emotions aka. depression)
2. social inhibition (inhibiting self-expression in social interactions tendency aka. social isolation)

32
Q

TYPE D X CHD: RESEARCH

A

STEPTOE & MOLLOY (2007)
- negative affectivity traits (ie. depression/anxiety/anger-hostility related to CHD)
SCHIFFER ET AL (2007)
- highlight particular beh mechanisms that might partially explain link between type D/CHD
- patients w/type D/CHD = less likely to report cardiac symptoms ie. swollen legs/shortness of breath
- reporting lack NOT due to experiencing lack; symptoms ^ > other patients suggesting reluctance = consequence of ^ social inhibition

33
Q

PERSONALITY TYPES: EVALUATION

A

COSTA ET AL (2002)
- types = useful as summarise many traits in single label
- type theory criticised as overlooks multi-dimensional/continuous personality traits nature
- using many types may obscure important difs among people in same category
- may be substantial heterogeneity among people of same type

34
Q

DIRKJAN ET AL (2022)

A
  • compared adult patient mortality w/CHD w/w/o type D (distressed) personalities
  • 1055 patients
  • type D associated w/^ risk for all-cause mortality in adults patients w/CHD
35
Q

HAMPSON (2017)

A
  • longitudinal/cross-sectional studies
  • highlight compelling link between conscientiousness/various health outcomes
  • reviewed Big 5/health relation research; most reliable relation = conscientiousness (ie. reliable)
  • ^ conscientiousness = ^ health/longer lives/^ health beh/good social relationships -> less stress
  • causal relation between personality/health may run in both directions
  • aka. personality -> health; health -> personality

Personality & Individual Differences (17 decks)

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