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Personality & Individual Differences > Cognitive-Behavioural Processes > Flashcards

Cognitive-Behavioural Processes Flashcards

1
Q

FORMULATION APPROACH: COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL PROCESSES

A
  • occur on formulation-based dimensional approach normality-severe continuum
    KUYKEN ET AL (2005)
  • case-formulation (CBT cornerstone) draws on theory to describe presenting issues
  • develops hypotheses/associated frameworks to develop treatment
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2
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IDIOGRAPHIC

A
  • focus on individual/presenting symptoms
  • hypothesises cause/effect
  • precise treatment tailoring
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3
Q

FORMULATION-BASED APPROACH

A
  • dimensional approach
  • recognises processes/disorders operating on normality-severe disturbance in gen pop
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4
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CATEGORICAL APPROACH

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  • diagnostic systems tend to use disorder categories to describe those w/psychological disorders
  • aim to fit presenting symptoms into disorder category
  • qualitative break between those who have a PD/those who don’t
  • each disorder = discrete entity from others/normal beh
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5
Q

SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER

A
  • 1/5 major anxiety disorders in DSM-5
  • overlaps w/APD/common traits ie:
    1. shyness
    2. negative evaluation fear
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6
Q

SOXIATY ANXIETY DISORDER: CRITERIA

A
  • marked/persistent fear of 1/+ social/performance situations in which person = exposed to unfamiliar people/possible scrutiny (ie. meeting people/public eating/humiliation fear, etc.)
  • exposure provokes immediate reaction
  • irrational fear = recognised
  • feared situation = avoided; interferes w/daily life
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7
Q

TRANSDIAGNOSTIC APPROACH

A
  • focuses on cognition/beh biases across disorders and how processes contribute to disorder maintenance
  • short-cuts/heuristic thinking to save time/resources; usually helpful
  • ie. large animal growling = dangerous (reasoning) -> run away (behaviour)
  • certain short-cuts = characteristic of psychological disorders; contribute to maintenance (causal role)
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8
Q

TRANS APPROACH X PSYCH DISORDERS

A
  • cognition lets us understand personality/psychological disorders/mental illness
  • cognitive processes of perceiving/interpreting/planning become distorted in personality disorders
  • trans approach has a role to play in personality x psychological disorders overlap via cognition biases
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9
Q

PDs: COGNITION BIASES

A
  • distorted perception of others
  • misinterpretation of others’ intentions
  • altered social cognitions ie. impaired social judgement
  • self-concept distortion ie. lack of stability/low or high self-esteem (narcissism)
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10
Q

COGNITIVE BEH PROCESSES X PSYCH DISORDERS

A
  • particular cognitive beh processes implicated in psych disorder maintenance:
    1. attention
    2. memory
    3. reasoning
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11
Q

SOCIAL PHOBIA: ATTENTIONAL BIASES

A
  • signals of concern hypervigilance (ie. others’ responses to their beh)
  • self-focussed attention = ^ internal cue awareness (ie. sweating/trembling); confirms social ineptitude fears
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12
Q

SOCIAL PHOBIA: MEMORY PROCESSES

A
  • selective negative past social event retrieval
  • increases anxiety/self-focused attention
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13
Q

SOCIAL PHOBIA: REASONING BIASES

A
  • misinterpretation of situations (before/during/after)
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14
Q

SOCIAL PHOBIA: BEHAVIOURAL BIASES

A
  • avoidance/safety beh prevent disconfirmation of beliefs
  • prevents new learning
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15
Q

SELECTIVE ATTENTION

A
  • specific stimuli within external/internal environments selected for further processing
  • attentional bias = some people (ie. those w/anxiety disorders) have systematic tendency to attend/avoid particular stimuli class
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16
Q

SELECTIVE ATTENTION: PROCESSES

A
  • evidence indicates most everyday beh triggered/maintained in automatic manner so resources are freed for other actions
    AUTOMATIC
  • eg. distracted by sudden moving object/noise
    CONTROLLED
  • consciously attending to stimulus (ie. someone walking towards you in a street)
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17
Q

SELECTIVE ATTENTION: EXPERIMENTAL PARADIGMS

A
  • researchers developed many for standardised attention measurement
  • paradigms provided much info BUT…
  • each relies on indirect selective attention measure so misses complexities of IRL situations
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18
Q

ATTENTION BIAS: DETECTION TASKS

A
  • ie. visual search tasks (detection/distraction)
  • if individual = prone to attending more to particular stimuli type -> faster detection if located among distractors
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19
Q

CLASSIC STROOP TEST

A
  • YELLOW (red f.), GREEN (black f.), RED (red f.)
  • instructions = read aloud colours in which words are printed; ignore content
  • compared Reaction Time (RT) when ink colour/name colour = inconsistent VS consistent
  • slower to colour name when inconsistent
20
Q

EMOTIONAL STROOP TEST

A
  • APRIL (light green f.); DEATH (dark green f.); TABLE (red f.)
  • instructions = read aloud colour in which words are printed; ignore content
  • compare RT when word content = neutral VS disorder related ie. death
21
Q

EMOTIONAL STROOP TEST: INTERPRETATION DIFFICULTIES

A
  • may induce internal attention ie. reflecting pre-occupation w/themes associated w/emotional word
  • may induce emotional reaction that inhibits response -> slow RT
  • cognitive avoidance ie. longer RT may reflect suppression attempts of threatening context
22
Q

DOT PROBE

A
  • selective attention measure indexed by SHORTER response latency -> better/less ambiguous measure
  • emotional cue/dot probe (upper/lower) spatial location = balanced across whole task
  • faster responses for emotional word VS neutral = indicates selective attention towards emotional info of that nature
23
Q

EYE TRACKER/VISUAL SCANPATH STUDIES

A
  • other paradigms assess attention indirectly; this is more direct
  • directly assesses if people focus gaze over time
  • pps = control/schizophrenia/affective disorder
  • BUT… we can attend material that we aren’t directly seeing ie. from corner of eye
  • disadvantage = cannot measure covert attention to spatial region independent of eye movement
24
Q

TRANS APPROACH: ATTENTIONAL PROCESSES

A

HARVEY et al (2004)
- measured attention w/various methods
- 3 attentional processes considered as definitely trans processes:
SELECTIVE ATTENTION
- concern-relevant external stimuli (aka. confirms pre-existing beliefs; interferes w/new info)
- concern-relevant internal stimuli (aka. self-focussed attention)
ATTENTIONAL AVOIDANCE/SAFETY ATTENTION
- prevents habituation/stimuli reappraisal

25
Q

SOCIAL SECURITY MODEL

A

CLARK & WELLS (1995)
- key cognitive/beh processes maintaining social phobia:
1. PRIOR
- anticipation/selective retrieval/rumination
2. DURING
- self-focused attention
3. AFTER
- “post-mortem” aka. selective retrieval/negative interpretation/rumination

26
Q

SOCIAL SECURITY MODEL: PRIOR

A
  • on anticipating social situation individuals w/social phobia selectively retrieve negative info concerning how they think they’re perceived
  • ruminate/dwell on info; serves to maintain social anxiety as content = dominated by past social failures
  • may lead to situation avoidance/self-focused entering state
27
Q

SOCIAL SECURITY MODEL: DURING

A
  • self-focused attention = crucial in social phobia maintenance
  • self-focused state in people w/social phobia -> info/image usage from internal cues about how they’re negatively evaluated by others
  • typically view themselves from others’ assumed perspective (aka. observer perspective images)
  • become trapped in closed system where most fear evidence generated from internal cues (ie. trembling/sweating/subjective trouble speaking)
  • recurrent images help maintain social phobia as little attention paid to external environment; focus on distorted self-images from observer perspective
28
Q

SOCIAL SECURITY MODEL: WITHIN SAFETY BEHAVIOURS

A

SALKOVSKIS (1991)
- avoidance of feared social situation maintains social anxiety via preventing rejection fears before disconfirmation
- avoidance = overt (ie. leaving room)/subtle (ie. avoiding eye contact)
- behs vary; linked to particular feared outcomes (ie. hand tremble fear = glass grip adjustment)
- anxiety reduction intention BUT actually ^ anxiety; attend < to conversation due to excessive self-focus/looking stupid concern

29
Q

SOCIAL SECUIRITY MODEL: LEAVING SITUATION

A
  • post-mortem = selective retrieval/negative interpretation/rumination
  • anxious feelings selective retrieval/negative performance self-perceptions -> overly negative overall interpretation
  • ruminating/dwelling on how they came across/what they said/did -> overall negative interpretation
  • post-mortem consequence = things seem worse upon reflection > upon immediate leaving -> future event avoidance/safety beh adoption; both enhance/maintain social fears
30
Q

MEMORY

A
  • 3 processing stages: encoding/storage/retrieval
  • each relevant to psychopathology development aka. selective encoding/retrieval; may include recall difficulties ie. amnesia
  • factors influence what’s encoded/retrieved (ie. mood/environment/of personal import)
  • attention/memory = interact
31
Q

MEMORY X ATTENTION

A
  • ie. weapon focus effect
    LOFTUS (1979)
  • weapon captures good deal of victim’s attention
  • leads to reduced recall ability of other environmental/assailant details
  • reduced assailant recognition later
32
Q

MOOD-CONGRUENT MEMORY

A
  • selective memory form
  • selective encoding/retrieval
  • occurs while individuals = mood state consistent w/affective material tone
  • factor in depression maintenance
  • ^ depression = ^ negative event/failure/loss recall
33
Q

REASONING BIASES

A
  • reasoning = thinking concerned w/deducing conclusions/generating judgements/testing hypotheses in logical/coherent way
  • reasoning bias = when thinking about world -> conclusions in systematic/regular manner across time/contexts
  • not necessarily dysfunctional; commonly used; help us make sense of world BUT can be dys
  • occur across reasoning processes
34
Q

INTERPRETATIVE REASONING

A
  • reaching conclusion to meaning of ambiguous/open-minded situation in many IRL situations
  • many psychological disorders have negative interpretational bias
35
Q

ATTRIBUTIONAL REASONING

A
  • inferring causes for why particular outcomes occurred on 3 principal dimensions:
    1. INTERNAL-EXTERNAL
    2. STABLE-TRANSCIENT
    3. GLOBAL-LOCAL
36
Q

EXPECTANCY REASONING

A
  • processes used in predicting future event/outcomes resulting from particular actions/situations likelihood
  • some reasoning shortcuts/heuristics implicated in expectancy reasoning ie. availability/representativeness/emotional reasoning
37
Q

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

A
  • reasoning process used in evaluating if explanations/beliefs = accurate/require revision in new info light
  • confirmation bias in general; people tend to be biased toward validating pre-existing beliefs
38
Q

ATTRIBUTIONAL REASONING: SELF-SERVING BIAS

A
  • people typically attribute:
    1. negative events to external/transient/local causes (ie. the other driver didn’t see me)
    2. positive events to internal/stable/global causes (ie. I am clever)
39
Q

ATTRIBUTIONAL REASONING: FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTIONAL BIAS

A
  • people tend to attribute another’s beh to personal disposition while overlooking situational causes/transient influences
40
Q

ATTRIBUTIONAL REASONING: PESSIMISTIC ATTRIBUTIONAL STYLE

A
  • attributing negative events to internal/stable/global causes
  • attributing positive events to external/transient/local causes
  • typical of depression (ie. failed exam = I’m stupid; passed = too easy/luck)
41
Q

EXPECTANCY REASONING

A
  • person’s ability to generate particular event classes indicates availability/accessability in the mentioned events
    MACLEOD ET AL (1997)
  • future thinking task; generate looking forward/not looking forward to events for next week/year/5-10y/time limit
  • time limit = availability measure
  • patients w/panic disorder/social anxiety = ^ future negative events; rate - ^ likely > controls
  • = elevated expectancy for bad things
42
Q

AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC

A

TVERSKY & KAHNEMAN (1974)
- likelihood/frequency judgements of events influenced by availability/accessibility of related memories/mental simulations

43
Q

REPRESENTATIVENESS HEURISTIC

A
  • expectancy/causality/categorisation judgements influenced by extent to which specific event seen as typical of large event group (ie. gamblers fallacy)
44
Q

EMOTIONAL REASONING HEURISTIC

A
  • evaluative judgements based on emotional feelings/ex-consequentia reasoning
  • conclude that there must be danger merely because you feel anxious
45
Q

THE MAIN HEURISTIC RULES

A
  • broadly accurate/effective/rapid/economical/effortless
  • BUT -> consistent judgement biases/underestimating abstract/stat info (ie. ignoring how frequent even occurs (aka. base rate info ie. horoscopes))
    1. AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC
    2. REPRESENTATIVENESS HEURISTIC
    3. EMOTIONAL REASONING HEURISTIC
46
Q

TRANS APPROACH X REASONING

A

HARVEY ET AL (2004)
- conclude from experimental evidence review that following reasoning processes = definite transdiagnostic processes:
1. interpretation reasoning
2. expectancy reasoning
3. emotional reasoning
- attributional reasoning is POSSIBLE trans

47
Q

REVIEW & CRITIQUE

A

FUSAR-POLI, SOLMI & BRONDINO ET AL (2019)
- 111 studies investigating cognitive/other psych interventions
- 15-91k pps in samples; quality = low/not always transdiagnostic
- trans research review largely restricted focus on anxiety/depressive disorders
- conceptual analysis = trans research affected by conceptual bias
- authors argue = trans approaches not yet delivered credible paradigm shift to impact classification/clinical care

Personality & Individual Differences (17 decks)

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