Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Personality & Individual Differences > PDs & Crime > Flashcards

PDs & Crime Flashcards

1
Q

PERSONALITY & CRIME

A
  • evidence does link some PDs w/criminal beh
  • psychopathy linked to Eysenck’s “psychoticism”
  • anti-social PD (APD)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

PSYCHOTICISM-PSYCHOPATHY CONTINUUM

A

EYSENCK & EYSENCK (1976)
- psychopathy = extreme psychoticism
- continuity hypothesis = psychopathological disorders represent extreme normal personality
- psychoticism = criminality/psychopathy/schizophrenia predisposition
- ^ P = impersonal/emotionally indifferent/lack empathy -> impulsiveness/recklessness/anti-sociality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

EYSENCK’S PERSONALITY THEORY & CRIME

A
  • acknowledged limitations:
    1. inapplicable to all crime
    2. classical/operant conditioning emphasis doesn’t include all learning
    3. other personality traits may be important
  • BUT theory = important; emphasis on hereditary/bio/environmental interaction on kid development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

PD & CRIME

A

LEWIS & APPLEBY (1988)
- mere mention of personality disorder diagnosis has powerful effect on clinicians’ views
- stigma/discrimination from PD diagnosis shows evidence based diagnosis importance
- evidence suggests relation between PD/criminal beh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ARE PEOPLE W/PERSONALITY DISORDER DANGEROUS?

A
  • majority ARE NOT dangerous/violent
  • occasions when violence does occur involve APD
  • psychopathy = rated w/APD; people w/diagnosis = ^ likely violent
  • childhood trauma may lead to difficulties w/emotional regulation/impulsivity/empathy -> violence/anti-social beh
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

APD X PD: DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA

A
  • DSM-5 retains original 10 personality disorders BUT incl. hybrid dimensional-categorial model in appendix
  • psychopathy ISN’T listed BUT measure incl. in hybrid alongside APD criteria
  • APD diagnostic incl. psychopathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

APD X PSYCHOPATHY

A
  • definitions = related
  • dyssocial personality disorder (DPD) = listed w/APD in DSM-5
  • dangerous/severe personality disorder (DSPD) = another psychopathy term
  • overlap between categories suggests APD/DPD/psychopathy might be used interchangeably -> justice perception implications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

FILONE ET AL (2014)

A
  • potential stigma associated w/diagnostic labels = of particular courtroom importance
  • label juror perceptions could have substantial impact on defendant sentencing recommendations
  • pps read vignettes w/antisocial/dyssocial/psychopathy labels x crime type (white collar/violent crime)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

FILONE ET AL (2014): RESULTS

A
  • labels DIDN’T consistently impact sentencing recommendations/defendant perceptions
  • ^ influenced by crime type > diagnosis
  • white collar = ^ negative > violent offenders
  • diagnostic label most influential on recidivism ratings/pps perceptions of violent offenders across all conditions
  • psychopathy labels perceived at ^ risk > APD/DPD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

EDENS & COX (2012)

A
  • examined psychopathy/sociopathy/APD label prevalence/impact in capital murder cases
  • surveyed defence team members at law conference
  • when asked to estimate effects of any label on trial outcome respondents most frequently said considerable/extensive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

BAKER ET AL (2021)

A
  • examined BPD diagnosis/stigma
  • methodology = experimental mock-jury w/2 dif scenarios to assess BPD impact on jury decision-making
  • when defendant = “complex mental health”/severe personality disorder/borderline pattern -> ^ dangerous/segregation/coercive treatment rating > controls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

PSYCHOPATHY: ATTRIBUTES

A

CLECKLEY (1941)
- superficially charming
- of/above average IQ
- unable to feel shame/remorse
- egocentric
- deceitful
- highly manipulative/impulsive
- engage in extreme violence acts incl. murder
- offend w/o purpose
- loyal to no one
- propensity to indulge in perverse sexual/harmful beh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

COID (2009)

A
  • psychopathic traits < prevalent in women (7.7% men > 1.9% women)
  • correlated w/younger age/repeated imprisonment/high security detention/disciplinary infractions/cluster personality disorders/substance misuse BUT not neurotics/schizophrenia
  • psychopathy (traits) prevalent in UK male prisoners
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

PSYCHOPATHY STATS

A

CLECKLEY (1976)
- >90% sexual/serial killers diagnosed as psychopaths
HARE (1993)
- individuals w/psychopathy commit 1/2 serious crime BUT…
- estimated 3m USA psychopaths; ^ than incarcerated for murder
- generally don’t commit murder BUT devastate lives/finances around them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

HARE (1980s)

A
  • developed/extended Cleckley
  • studies incarcerated male psychopaths; developed feature list identified by Cleckley
  • described how psychopaths lack empathy/conscience BUT more able in business/politics despite recklessness reducing success rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

HARE (1980s)

A
  • developed/extended Cleckley
  • studies incarcerated male psychopaths; developed feature list identified by Cleckley
  • described how psychopaths lack empathy/conscience BUT more able in business/politics despite recklessness reducing success rate
16
Q

HARE: PSYCHOPATHY CHECKLIST-REVISTED (PCL-R)

A
  • developed screening instrument (PCL) for identifying psychopathy (1986)
  • psychopathy = most commonly assessed w/it
  • measures 2 symptom clusters:
    1. EMOTIONAL DETACHMENT
    2. UNSTABLE/ANTISOCIAL/IMPULSIVE LIFESTYLE
17
Q

PCL-R: EMOTIONAL DETACHMENT

A
  • interpersonal traits ie:
    1. incapacity for fear/empathy
    2. superficial charm
    3. shallow emotions
    4. callous attitudes towards others
18
Q

PCL-R: UNSTABLE LIFESTYLE

A
  • unstable/antisocial/impulsive ie:
    1. impulsivity
    2. poor self-control
    3. early beh issues onset
    4. strong need for excitement
19
Q

PCL-R: PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAITS

A
  • aka. cluster 1 (emotional detachment):
    1. glibness/superficial charm
    2. grandiose self-worth
    3. egocentricity
    4. pathological lying/deception
    5. sincerity lack
    6. remorse/guilt lack
    7. callousness/empathy lack
20
Q

PCL-R: BEHAVIOURAL TRAITS

A
  • aka. cluster 2 (unstable lifestyle):
    1. stimulation need/boredom proneness
    2. early beh issues (ie. lack of realistic goals/irresponsibility/impulsivity)
    3. juvenile delinquency
    4. parasitic lifestyle
    5. irresponsible parent beh
    6. many offence types
21
Q

PSYCHOPATHY X APD: PCL-R

A
  • main distinctions in emotional/interpersonal cluster 1 traits (typical to psychopathy)
  • cluster 2 = ASPD typical; emphasises observable beh ie. chronic lying/repeated criminal beh
  • psychopaths display cluster 1 traits along w/dominant 2
  • extreme psychopaths meet diagnostic APD criteria BUT not everyone w/APD = psychopath (10-30%)
22
Q

PSYCHOPATHY X APD: DIFFERENCES

A
  • psychopaths = superficially charming/intelligent BUT also callous/deceitful/remorseless/impulsive/fearless
  • APD designation emphasises observable beh ie. lying/criminal beh/authority conflicts
23
Q

PSYCHOPATHY X CRIMINALITY

A

GRETTON ET AL (2004)
- ^ adolescent psychopathy = early adulthood violence predictor risk
HARE ET AL (2003)
- evidence reviews indicate psychopaths x4 ^ likely to violently re-offend post release > non-psychopath offenders

24
Q

WOODSWORTH & PORTER (2002; 2006)

A
  • murdering psychopaths ^ likely to commit cold-blooded murder for gain reasons (ie. premeditated monetary gain) > non-psychopaths
  • psychopaths minimise premeditated/instrumental crime aspects; portray as ^ reactive > police reports
  • may reflect charm/manipulation attempts
25
Q

APD X CRIMINALITY

A
  • APD = most crimes BUT psychopaths commit disproportionate crime excess via long-term psychopathy/recidivism nature
    WONG (2000)
  • psychopathy = treatment resistant
  • attempt to manipulate therapeutic situation to their advantage
26
Q

PSYCHOPATHY X WORLPLACE

A

CROOM ET AL (2021)
- significant gender dif
- marked not only by ^ psychopathy lvls in males > females BUT disposition difs
- relation between psychopathy/seniority = significant; indicative of relation between executive status/potentially toxic beh

27
Q

BOARD & FRITZON (2005)

A
  • disordered personalities at work
  • rejected current categorical PD classification systems; instead favoured dimensional perspective to compare PD traits across 3 groups
  • focus on personality traits associated w/psychopathy
  • personality trait comparison between male forensic (criminal)/psychiatric patients at Broadmoor high-security hospital w/normal male senior business managers (39)
  • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Scales (MMPI-PD) = dimensional assessment tool
28
Q

BOARD & FRITZON (2005): RESULTS

A
  • confirmed PD aspect presence in senior business manager sample; most prominent associated w/emotional components of psychopathy
  • compared w/3 patient samples senior business manager group ^ likely to demonstrate traits associated w/histrionic PD; = likely to demonstrate narcissistic/OCPD traits
29
Q

BOARD & FRITZON (2005): CONCLUSIONS

A
  • traits associated w/PDs emerge in some individuals as successful characteristics in some situations ie. success at work
  • some traits (ie. charm/manipulate) = useful in business
  • similar to Hare (1993) BUT emphasised recklessness prevents success
  • persuasive continuous distribution & pathology evidence; support dimensional conception alongside categorical approach
30
Q

THE DARK TRIAD

A

PAULHUS & WILLIAMS (2002)
1. NARCISSISM
2. MACHIAVELLIANISM
3. PSYCHOPATHY
- all related w/criminal beh BUT also other behs ie. scholastic cheating

31
Q

THE DARK TRIAD: NARCISSISM

A

RASKIN & TERRY (1988)
- sense of entitlement
- grandiosity
- sense of superiority

32
Q

THE DARK TRIAD & CHEATING

A

WILLIAMS ET AL (2010)
- authors report findings from 3 studies examining wide personality predictor range of self-reported cheating in undergrad British Columbia students
- measures incl. Big 5 traits w/Machiavellianism/narcissism/psychopathy
- all 3 found significant predictors incl. DT/low agreeableness

Personality & Individual Differences (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions