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Personality & Individual Differences > Freud & Psychoanalytic Theory > Flashcards

Freud & Psychoanalytic Theory Flashcards

1
Q

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)

A
  • attended medical school at University of Vienna
  • specialised in nervous disorder treatment
  • studied hypnosis/”talking cure” particularly
  • published “Interpretation of Dreams” (1990); introduced unconscious concept
  • explored unconscious using free association method/dream interpretation
  • developed first comprehensive personality theory
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2
Q

KEY ASSUMPTION

A
  1. PSYCHIC DETERMINISM
  2. UNCONSCIOUS INSTINCTUAL URGES
  3. STRUCTURE OF MIND
  4. PSYCHIC CONFLICT
  5. PSYCHIC ENERGY NEEDED TO MAKE MIND GO; ENERGY CANNOT BE DESTROYED BUT EXPRESSED
  6. PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY
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3
Q

PSYCHIC DETERMINISM (SHORT)

A
  • everything that happens in a person’s mind/everything they do has a specific cause
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4
Q

UNCONSCIOUS INSTINCTUAL URGES (SHORT)

A
  • people driven by unconscious/animalistic/instinctual urges
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5
Q

STRUCTURE OF MIND (SHORT)

A
  • mind has internal structure divided in 3:
    ID
    EGO
    SUPEREGO
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6
Q

PSYCHIC CONFLICT (SHORT)

A
  • personality characteristics determined by way in which person learns to resolve unconscious conflicted between id/ego/superego
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7
Q

PSYCHIC ENERGY (SHORT)

A
  • psychic energy comes from 2 drives:
    1. EROS/LIBIDO
  • life/sexual instincts
    2. THANATOS
  • death instinct
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8
Q

PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY (SHORT)

A
  • aims to relieve psychic conflicts
  • thereby free up psychic energy bi providing insight into unconscious
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9
Q

FREUDIAN THEORY OF PERSONALITY

A
  • models difficult to integrate BUT interconnected complexly
  • 3 models:
    1. TOPOGRAPHIC MODEL
  • mental life stages
    2. STRUCTURAL MODEL
  • 3 dif mental agencies
    3. DEVELOPMENTAL-BIOLOGICAL MODEL
  • personality dev stages
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10
Q

THE TOPOGRAPHIC MODEL

A
  • only provided limited personality description
  • 3 awareness levels:
    1. CONSCIOUS
  • current awareness
    2. PRECONSCIOUS
  • just below consciousness surface
  • can be accesses if required
  • SUPEREGO
    3. UNCONSCIOUS
  • cannot be voluntarily accessed
  • ID
  • EGO (in-between)
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11
Q

THE STRUCTURAL MODEL OF THE MIND

A

ID
- primitive “irrational” mind
- “pleasure” principle
- “I want it and I want it now”
EGO
- rational mind
- reality principle aka. “you can’t always get what you want”
- negotiates compromise between id/superego
SUPEREGO
- moral mind/conscience
- parental/social value embodiment

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12
Q

INTRA-PSYCHIC CONFLICT

A
  • interactions between the 3 personality structures create intra-psychic conflict
  • can be seen as mental disturbance
  • basic symptom = anxiety
  • personality characteristics determined by way in which person learns to resolve unconscious conflicts between id/ego/superego
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13
Q

INTRA-PSYCHIC CONFLICT: EXAMPLE

A

Q: you want to go to a friend’s party BUT it’s a long way; you’ll have to miss part of practical class (second in row)
ID = pleasure (aka. “Go and have fun at the party”)
EGO = rational; negotiates compromise (aka. “Download the notes and get a friend to record it”)
SUPEREGO = moral/conscience (aka. “You can’t go, you already skipped, you need to do well”)
- competing demands = anxiety/difficult decision; any choice = guilt
- deal via defence mechanisms

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14
Q

LIFE & DEATH DRIVES

A
  • sexual/aggressive drives = major human beh motivators
  • finite psychic energy
  • Freud ignores social world individuals work in
  • 2 drives/motivations:
    1. LIBIDO
  • life/sexual instinct/drive
    2. THANATOS
  • death/aggressive instinct/drive
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15
Q

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

A
  1. ORAL
    - 0-18 months
  2. ANAL
    - 18 months - 3.5 years
  3. PHALLIC
    - 3.5 years - 6 years
  4. LATENCY
    - 6 years - puberty
  5. GENITAL
    - puberty - adulthood
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16
Q

PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT

A
  • 3 parts to each stage:
    1. PHYSICAL FOCUS
    2. PSYCHOLOGICAL THEME
    3. ADULT CHARACTER TYPE
  • fixation can occur during any stage
  • doctrine of opposites
17
Q

ORAL DEVELOPMENT STAGE

A

PHYSICAL FOCUS: mouth
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEME: dependency
ADULT CHARACTER: extremely/highly dependent

18
Q

ANAL DEVELOPMENT STAGE

A

PHYSICAL FOCUS: anus
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEME: self-control/obedience
ADULT CHARACTER:
1. ANALLY RETENTIVE
- highly self-controlled; overly organised; subservient to authority
2. ANALLY EXPULSIVE
- little self-control; disorganised; hostile

19
Q

PHALLIC DEVELOPMENT STAGE

A

PHYSICAL FOCUS: penis
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEME:
- sexual identification
- Oedipus/Electra Complex
ADULT CHARACTER: promiscuous; amoral/asexual; puritanical

20
Q

LATENCY DEVELOPMENT STAGE

A
  • period of relative calm
21
Q

GENITAL DEVELOPMENT STAGE

A

PHYSICAL FOCUS: genitals
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEME:
- sexual reproduction
- intellectual/artistic creativity
ADULT CHARACTER: well-adjusted; balanced

22
Q

EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS

A

DENIAL
REPRESSION
REGRESSION
REACTION FORMATION
PROJECTION
RATIONALISATION
INTELLECTUALISATION
DISPLACEMENT
SUBLIMATION

23
Q

SUBLIMINATION

A
  • acting out unacceptable impulses in socially acceptable way
24
Q

DISPLACEMENT

A
  • taking out impulses on < threatening target
25
Q

INTELLECTUALISATION

A
  • avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on intellectual aspects
26
Q

RATIONALISATION

A
  • supplying logical/rational reason > real one
27
Q

PROJECTION

A
  • placing unacceptable internal impulses on someone else
28
Q

REACTION FORMATION

A
  • taking opposite belief since true belief = anxiety
29
Q

REGRESSION

A
  • returning to previous development stage
30
Q

REPRESSION

A
  • pushing anxiety to unconscious
31
Q

DENIAL

A
  • stating anxiety provoking stimuli doesn’t exist
32
Q

EVIDENCE OF THE UNCONSCIOUS

A

REVEALING IT
- unconscious impulses leak out everyday
PARAPRAXES
- aka. Freudian slips
- random/uncontrolled
- ie. forgetting/slips of the tongue/accidents
HUMOUR
- controlled “leak”
- essential sublimation form
DREAMS
- “royal road to unconscious”

33
Q

DREAMS & THE UNCONSCIOUS

A
  • dreams provide id impulses w/expression stage via which the unconscious is revealed
  • desires expressed in disguised form; represented symbolically
  • unconscious threatening impulses expressed; conscious mind is NOT threatened
  • most Freudian dream symbols = sexual
    1. MANIFEST CONTENT
  • what we see/remember
    2. LATENT CONTENT
  • what is really being said
34
Q

PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY

A
  • psychoanalysis aims to uncover repressed/unconscious material -> release pent up anxiety inducing emotions
  • main techniques include:
    DREAM ANALYSIS
    FREE ASSOCIATION
    TRANSFERENCE/COUNTER-TRANSFERENCE
35
Q

PROJECTIVE TESTS

A

RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST
- 10 inkblot cards
- describe what you see in one
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST (TAT)
- ambiguous picture series
- tell a story about each
HUMAN FIGURE DRAWING TEST
- draw picture of therapist

36
Q

FREUD’S THEORY: STRENGTHS

A
  • first comprehensive beh/personality theory
  • emphasises unconscious mind/early childhood experiences role/dynamic nature of beh
  • stimulated much research/theorising
  • influenced personality research subject matter
  • developed first psychotherapy system
37
Q

OLD RESEARCH EVIDENCE

A

ERDEYLI (1974)
- unconscious mind perceives things w/o conscious awareness
WEINBERGER & DAVIDSON (1994)
- defence mechanisms (esp. repression) occur
WESTON (1990)
- oral characteristics = intercorrelated
ERDELYI (1994)
- catharsis = helpful to physical/psychological health
ANDERSON & BAUM (1994)
- lab studies demonstrated transference

38
Q

FREUD’S THEORY: CRITICISMS

A
  • concepts poorly designed/cannot be operationalised (ie. what is “psychic energy”?)
  • difficult to test empirically
  • environment role overlooked
  • over-emphasis on sexual drive/early experiences/destructive inner urges
  • data from neurotic wealthy European women
  • pessimistic (hard determinism) aka. no free will?
  • assumes any deviation from heterosexual relations = pathological
  • hetero male beh = norm

Personality & Individual Differences (17 decks)

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