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Personality & Individual Differences > Personality & Crime > Flashcards

Personality & Crime Flashcards

1
Q

OTHERING

A
  • criminal personality search = history w/othering
  • early research focused on facial/bodily characteristics identifying “criminal types”
  • later research for correlations between personality traits/propensity to commit crime
  • contemporary times = focus on some personality disorders/associations w/specific crimes
  • recognition of white collar crime alongside identified criminals
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2
Q

HISTORY

A

LOMBROSO (1876)
- “the criminal man”
- now discredited BUT 1st empirical attempt at investigating criminal personality
- physical head/face shape determined “born criminal”
- identified criminal “atavism” = physical features related to early ancestors/apes/lower primates/early man
- atavist = large jaws/high cheek-bones/large ears/extra nipples/insensitive to pain
- separate species between modern/primitive humans
- physiological difs between dif criminal types

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3
Q

LOMBROSO: MURDERERS

A
  • cold/glassy/blood-shot eyes
  • curly/abundant hair
  • strong jaws
  • long ears
  • thin lips
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4
Q

LOMBROSO: SEX OFFENDERS

A
  • glinting eyes
  • strong jaws
  • thick lips
  • lots of hair
  • projecting ears
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5
Q

SOMATYPE & CRIME

A

SHELDON (1942)
- individual’s body shape (somatotype) correlated w/personality
- rare to be pure type; everyone displays combo of each according to own somatotype
- 300 male body types; 3 main types identified:
1. ECTOMORPH
- solitary/introverted/self-conscious
2. ENDOMORPH
- relaxed/loving/enjoys others’ company
3. MESOMORPH
- criminals/aggressive/callous/mindless

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6
Q

ECTOMORPH: TRAITS

A
  • artistic
  • sensitive
  • apprehensive
  • introverted
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7
Q

ENDOMORPH: TRAITS

A
  • tolerant
  • relaxed
  • loves comfort/luxury
  • pleasant
  • extraverted
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8
Q

MESOMORPH: TRAITS

A
  • courageous
  • energetic/active
  • dynamic
  • assertive
  • aggressive
  • risk-taker
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9
Q

SOMATOTYPE & CRIME: STUDY

A

SHELDON (1942)
- 200 college students; 200 male delinquents
- each pp rated as 1/3 somatotype
- results indicated criminal delinquent = significantly ^ mesomorphic
- supports theory of muscular/hard physique -> criminality proneness

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10
Q

SOMATOTYPE & CRIME: DISCREDITED

A
  • Sheldon criticised despite results
  • somatotype classification = unreliable; didn’t use legal criteria to select delinquent sample
  • when data re-analyses w/legal crit defining delinquency, association between criminal beh/mesomorph = NOT FOUND
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11
Q

SOMATOTYPE & CRIME: ALTERNATIVES

A
  • people w/muscular build learned from early age that easiest way to get what they want = aggression
  • muscular builds recruited by gangs; perceived uses in criminal activity
  • criticised by British Crime Survey; found smaller body types usually carry out delinquent acts
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12
Q

EYSENCK’S PERONALITY THEORY & CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR: FLOW CHART

A

BIOLOGICAL
- functioning of nervous system
PSYCHOLOGICAL
- stable psychological traits
SOCIAL
- responses to socialisation (reinforcement/punishment)

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13
Q

EYSENCK’S PERONALITY THEORY & CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR

A
  • Eysenck links bio/social/psychological factors
  • links physiological arousability w/conditionability
  • personality plays critical role in socialisation process
  • children learn to control anti-social beh via conscience development via socialisation
  • conscience = conditioned response; kids punished/rewarded by parents/teachers/peers for social beh (conditioning experience)
  • behave well as conscience would bother them if they didn’t
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14
Q

EYSENCK & CRIME: CHILD SOCIALISATION

A
  • speed/efficiency depends on conditionability; linked w/arousability in nervous system
  • originally connected on just 2 factors:
    1. EXTRAVERSION (E)
    2. NEUROTICISM (N)
  • low E/N condition most easily (stable introvert)
  • high E/N condition least well (neurotic extrovert)
  • low E high N (vice versa) at mid-point in conditionability terms
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15
Q

EYSENCK & CRIME: ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR DEVELOPMENT

A
  • theory concerns anti-social beh > criminal
  • acknowledges various legal/social factors involved for criminal beh transition
  • theory holds that ^ E/N = poor conditionability
  • individuals w/this type develop poor social control; ^ likely to beh anti-socially
  • anti-social beh -> ^ crime/criminal prosecution LVLs
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16
Q

PSYCHOTICISM

A
  • Eysenck added 3rd personality dimension; remains poorly defined
  • ^ P = offending esp. w/hostile crimes
  • originally vulnerability to psychoses BUT later defined = psychopathy similarity; traits include:
  • recklessness/sensation-seeking
  • common sense/convention disregard
  • inappropriate emotional expression
  • lack of empathy/feeling for others
  • tough mindedness/aggression
  • solitude preference
17
Q

EYSENCK & CRIME: FINDINGS

A

BARTOL & BARTOL (2005)
- mixed evidence BUT balance supports Eysenck on N/P; offenders = ^ N/P against non-offenders
- evidence less clear for E; subscales (sociability VS impulsivity) must be considered
- ^ impulsivity = offenders BUT sociability isn’t

18
Q

EYSENCK & CRIME: EVALUATION

A
  • theory inapplicable to all crime/criminals
  • emphasis on classical/operant conditioning doesn’t include other learning types
  • other personality traits may be ^ important to criminal beh
  • BUT still important given emphasis on hereditary/bio functioning/environment/child development interaction
  • provides testable hypotheses; drive ^ research
19
Q

REINFORCEMENT SENSITIVITY & CYBERCRIME

A

PALMIERI ET AL (2021)
- used Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) to predict motivations to engage in online criminal beh
- Behavioural Activation System (BAS)/Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) predicted criminal beh online; BAS mediated BIS/online criminal beh relation

20
Q

PERSONALITY TRAITS & CRIME

A
  • some associations w/offender characteristics
    THARSHINI ET AL (2021)
  • findings from systematic lit review indicate 3 major personality traits contribute to criminal beh:
    1. PSYCHOPATHY
    2. LOW SELF-CONTROL
    3. DIFFICULT TEMPERAMENT
21
Q

PERSONALITY DISORDERS & CRIME

A

PSYCHOPATHY
- Hare (2003); Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) linked to Eysenck’s psychoticism
ANTI-SOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER (APD)
- Paulhus & Williams (2002)
- the Dark Triad = machiavellianism/narcissism/psychopathy

22
Q

THE CRIME TRIAD

A
  • crime = rarely just about individual/personality
  • characteristics of:
    1. THE LAW
    2. THE INDIVIDUAL
    3. THE SITUATION/OPPORTUNITY
23
Q

FACTORS ASSOCIATED W/CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR

A
  • alcohol
  • drug addiction
  • childhood neglect/abuse
  • parenting
  • poverty
  • unemployment
  • anti-social personality disorder
  • psychopathy
  • cognitive/bio factors
  • criminal justice system
  • policing
  • legislation (changes over time)
  • societal responses (oft related to media crusades)
  • sentencing policies/juries
24
Q

PRESCRIPTIONS OF JUSTICS & PERSONALITY

A
  • research started to question whether personality traits associated w/jury decision-making
    CLARK ET AL (2007)
  • 17 juries deliberated to verdict (285)
  • ^ juror extraversion lvls associated w/not guilty verdicts/defendant verdicts
  • extraversion associated w/being selected as jury foreperson
  • foreperson extraversion associated w/longer jury deliberation times/perceived foreperson influence on decision
25
Q

SORBY & KEHN (2020)

A
  • investigated tattoo/facial trustworthiness/skin tone effects on juror case judgements/criminal appearance ratings
  • investigated prejudice/motivation to respond w/o prejudice
  • found several interesting interactions/mediated effects including: criminal appearance ratings indirectly mediated relation between physical traits/verdict decisions
  • significant interaction between skin tone/racial prejudice on criminal appearance ratings suggesting physical trait effects may depend on individual attitudes
26
Q

WENDY ET AL (2021)

A
  • reviews development of English prison unit w/male (adult/young) offenders w/serious mental illnesses; developed in over-lapping health/justice contexts (Integrated Support Unit (ICU))
  • unique development to prison systems
  • 11 patients (1 cell) + 2 peer workers (sharing cell)
27
Q

RESEARCH SO FAR

A
  • 3 online questionnaire pilot studies looking at various factors ie:
    1. crime severity (shoplifting/violent crime)
    2. mental health disorders (depression/schizophrenia)
    3. personality factors (authoritarianism)
    4. gender
  • all conditions defined by scenarios
28
Q

TYPES OF JUSTICE

A

RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE

29
Q

TYPES OF CRIME

A

SOCIO-CONVENTIONAL TRANSGRESSIONS
- ie. speeding/acquisitive crime/shoplifting
- violate arbitrary commonly agreed conventions that facilitate a system
MORAL TRANSGRESSIONS
- ie. violent crime
- acts that have implications for the right/welfare of others

30
Q

OFFENDER CHARACTERISTICS

A
  • status
  • gender
  • alcohol involvement
  • mental health issues
31
Q

PARTICIPANT CHARACTERISTICS

A
  • priming for criminal identity
  • pp gender
  • political affiliation
  • personality traits (ie. authoritarianism/remorse/self-monitoring)
32
Q

ACQUISITIVE CRIME EXAMPLE

A

PROFILE: schizophrenia/depressed/no MHD; repeated shoplifting
- Alex visits department store (schizophrenia diagnosed; depression/not mentioned)
- intentionally steals watch when no one looks
- stopped at exit by security who saw on CCTV
- not the first time they’ve been caught

33
Q

VIOLENT CRIME EXAMPLE

A

PROFILE: schizophrenia/depressed/no MHD; assault
- Alex visits department store (depression diagnosis/no MHD mentioned)
- gets into argument w/security guard
- intentionally shoves/hits security guard
- apprehended for aggressive beh

34
Q

ARE YOU A CRIMINAL?

A
  • against the law to:
    1. illegally download
    2. break speed limit
    3. run red light
    4. shoplift
    5. theft/robbery
    6. assault
    7. public disorder
    8. underage drinking
    9. criminal damage
    10. drug involvement
35
Q

CRIME: PRELIMINARY RESULTS

A

PRIMING
- offender identity priming doesn’t make impact on punishment choice
GENDER
- male pps > lenient in face of remorse
PERSONALITY TRAITS
- authoritarian pps = harsher in sentencing choices
MHD
- pps significantly ^ likely to give restorative sentence (rehab) to offenders w/schizophrenia > depression/no MHD when crime = acquisitive
CONVERSELY
- pps significantly ^ retributive in offender punishment w/schizophrenia > depressed/no MHD when crime = violent

Personality & Individual Differences (17 decks)

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