Personality Processes (chapter 15) pt.2

Question 1

What is a potential disadvantage of focusing on long-term goals and not the short term ones

Answer 1

You might become too inflexible to accomplish the short term goals.

Question 2

What are “Idiographic goals?”

Answer 2

goals that are unique to the individuals who pursue them

Question 3

What are the 3 types of idiographic goals?

Answer 3

Current concern = an ongoing motivation that persists in the mind until the goal is attained or abandoned eg. deciding to find a part time job

Personal projects = what people actuallt do (not just think about) eg. finding a part time job

Personal savings = long-term goals that can organize broad areas of a persons life eg. trying to appear attractive

Question 4

What are “Nomothetic goals”

Answer 4

A common goal that almost everyone pursues (usually small goals)

Question 5

According to psychologist David McClelland, what are the three primary motivations that drive human behaviour?

Answer 5

The need for acheivement, the need for affiliation, and the need for power

Question 6

What is “affiliation motivation”

Answer 6

The tendancy to direct thoughts and behaviour toward finding and maintaining close, warm emotional relationships

Question 7

What is “power motivation”

Answer 7

the tendancy to direct thoughts and behaviour toward feeling strong and influencing others

Question 8

What is a Judegement goal, and what is a development goal?

Answer 8

Judgement goal = seeking to judge an an attribute in oneself eg. blaming the test instead of yourself for doing bad

develpoment goal = the desire to actually improve oneself rg. blaming yourself and putting in more effort next time

Question 9

What is the difference between Entity theories and Incremental Theories?

Answer 9

Entity = believe that personal qualities such as intelligence and ability are unchangeable (leading them to respond to any indication that they do not have what it takes)

Incremental = intelligence and ability can change with time and experience

Question 10

What is the difference between Optimistic and Pessimistic strategies?

Answer 10

The optimistic strategy is to assume that the best will happen. The pessimistic strategy assumes the worst is likley to happen

Question 11

How general are optimistic and pessimistic strategies? Does someone who employs an optimistic strategy in the acedemic domain also act optimistically in social situations??

Answer 11

Correlations between the degree to which one uses an optimistic or pessimistic strategy in one context and the same in another ranges from about .30 to .40

Question 12

Why are emotions considered a kind of procedural knowledge

Answer 12

Becasue it cant be learned or fully expressed through words, only through action and experience. We are not taught how to feel emotions

Question 13

What are the basic stages of emotion?

Answer 13

1) Appraisal (when a stimulus is judged as emotionally relevant)
2) Physical responses (like changes in pulse)
3) Facial expressions (like smiles) paired with nonverbal behaviours (like jumping or fist clenching)
4) Motives (to spread ones joy or to harm someone)

these dont have to happen seperately or in a particular order

Question 14

What are the 3 sources of emotions?

Answer 14

1) Emotions can be triggered by immediate stimuli (if someone does something annoying you get annoyed)

2) Emotional experiences can be classically conditioned to almost anything (an office where youve had many arguments might become an unpleasant place to be)

3) A persons own memories or thoughts

Question 15

Acording to the Evolutionary theory, why are some emotions universal?

Answer 15

Because their experience is necessary for survivial (eg.anger)

Question 16

What is “affect intensity?”

Answer 16

How strong people percieve and experience emotions. People high in affect intensity experience both more intense jow and more powerful sadness.

Question 17

What is Emotional intelligence?

Answer 17

Accurately perceiving emotions in oneself and others, and controlling and regulating ones own emotions

Question 18

At the low end of the emotional intelligence scale are people who are characterized as _________, who have so little emotional awareness that they are virtualy unable to think about of talk about their own feelings.

Answer 18

Alexithymic

Question 19

What is cognitive Control?

Answer 19

Using rational thinking to regulate ones emotions and to control how one reacts to emotional feelings

Question 20

Emotional experience is _______ and consists of what people think and do and their ___________.

Answer 20

Complex; motivations

Question 21

According to prominent researchers, what are the three components of happiness?

Answer 21

1) Overall satisfaction with life
2) Satisfaction with how things are going in particular life domains
3) High levels of positive emotion and low levels of negative emotion

Question 22

Whats the difference between a Hedonic and Eudaimonic well-being

Answer 22

Hedonic = seeking happiness through the pursuit of pleasure and comfort

Eudiamonic = seeking happiness through developing ones full potential, helping others, and building a community

Question 23

According to a world happiness report, what is the happiest country and what is the least happiest country?

Answer 23

Happiest = FInland
Least Happy = Sengal and Niger

Question 24

What are the two popular happiness scales/

Answer 24

the Subjective Happiness scale (SHS) that was developed in the US. It conceptualizes happiness as an emotion centered on oneself and characterized by a high degree of arousa.

the Interdependant Happiness Scale (IHS) that was developed in Japan conceptualizes happiness as more rooted in relationships and the well-bring of others

Question 25

What is the most important finding on both the SHS and IHS scales?

Answer 25

That neither measure was very coherent in the Middle East and Africa, which are the areas of the world that are the most neglected by psychological research

Question 26

Research suggests that some people are vulnerable to unhappiness because of a tendancy to react more strongly to stressful events, what is this caused by?

Answer 26

This is caused by certain connections between parts of the amygdala and parts of the prefrontal cortex

Question 27

Happiness increases steadily after age ___, peaks between about ages ___ and ___, and declines fairly rapidly after.

Answer 27

age 13; 50 and 60.

Question 28

What are the primary sources of happiness?

Answer 28

A set point that is influenced by genetics, the objective circumstances of ones life, and the things people do.