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Neuroantomy > Peripheral NS Injury and Repair > Flashcards

Peripheral NS Injury and Repair Flashcards

1
Q

what are upper motor neurons?

A

Neurons in the cerebral cortex and
brainstem that govern the activity of
lower motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord

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2
Q

what are gamma motor neurons?

A

LMNs that innervate
intrafusal muscle fibres
(muscle spindles)

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3
Q

what are alpha motor neurons?

A

LMNs that innervate
extrafusal muscle fibres
for muscle contraction

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4
Q

where do cranial nerve LMNs originate?

A

brainstem

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5
Q

where are the cell bodies of somatic motor LMNs located?

A

anterior horn

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6
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

The alpha motor neuron
and the skeletal muscle
fibres it innervates

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7
Q

what sections of the spinal cord have englargements?

A

cervical and lumbosacral

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8
Q

why do the cervical and lumbosacral parts of the spinal cord have enlargements?

A

to accommodate extra motor
units

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9
Q

what are spinal nerves made up of?

A

posterior (dorsal) and anterior (ventral) roots

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10
Q

what do spinal nerve split to become?

A

anterior and posterior rami

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11
Q

what are the terminal branches of the brachial plexus?

A

peripheral nerves

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12
Q

anterior hand posterior root combine to make what?

A

mixed spinal nerve

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13
Q

how many cervical spinal nerves are there?

A

8

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14
Q

how many thoracic spinal nerves are there?

A

12

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15
Q

how many lumbar and sacral spinal nerves are there?

A

5

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16
Q

how many spinal nerves are for the coccyx?

A

1-2

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17
Q

what is a dermatome?

A

an area of skin that is mainly supplied
by afferent nerve fibres from
the dorsal root of a spinal nerve

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18
Q

are peripheral nerve motor or sensory?

A

mixed!

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19
Q

are cranial nerves also peripheral nerves?

A

yes

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20
Q

what is upper motor neuron syndrome?

A

Damage to the descending tract before the anterior horn of the spinal cord

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21
Q

what is lower motor neurone syndrome?

A

Damage to alpha motor neuron at or distal to the anterior horn

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22
Q

is a stroke an upper or lower motor neurone injury?

A

upper

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23
Q

what are signs of a stroke as an UMN injury?

A

usually they have some paresis
+ babinski/Hoffmans
hyperreflexia
hypertonia

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24
Q

what is primarily affected in a spinal cord injury?

A

primarily UMN

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25
Q

if you have a c spine SCI, it is likely what presentation?

A

UMN

26
Q

if you have a l spine SCI, it is likely what presentation?

A

LMN

27
Q

is weakness after a SCI unilateral or bilateral?

A

often bilateral

28
Q

where is weakness after a SCI?

A

below level of lesion

29
Q

people who’ve had a SCI have Hyper or hypo reflexia and tonia?

A

hyper

30
Q

what neurons are affected by ALS?

A

both UMN and LMN

31
Q

what is the ethology for ALS?

A

unknown

32
Q

what happens to the number of motor units when you have ALS?

A

it decreases

33
Q

is sensation involved in an alpha motor neuron injury?

A

no sensory involvement

34
Q

what happens when you have peripheral severe injury?

A

weakness and sensory loss

35
Q

what does Guillan barre syndrome cause?

A

Destruction of myelin sheath with axonal damage

Rapidly progressing motor and sensory impairments

36
Q

what is the least severe axon injury?

A

neuropraxia (axon intact)

37
Q

what is the most severe axon injury?

A

neurotmesis (complete nerve lacaeration)

38
Q

what is axonotmesis?

A

Injury to axon and myelin but supporting connective tissue intact

39
Q

when does Wallerian degeneration occur?

A

when a nerve fiber is cut or crushed
(axonotmesis or neurotmesis) and part of the distal axon degenerates

40
Q

what is amplitude?

A

of axons being stimulated

41
Q

what is latency most affected by?

A

demyelination

42
Q

what is latency?

A

time between stimulation and M wave

43
Q

what is conduction velocity affected by?

A

axonal loss and demyelination

44
Q

what does axonal loss result in?

A

lower amplitude

45
Q

what does demyelination result in?

A

prolonged latency

m wave is spread because only some neurons affected

slow conductor velocity

46
Q

what is motor unit potential?

A

Summation of electrical activity of the
muscle fibres of the motor unit

47
Q

what can needle MEG be used to distinguish?

A

between LMN, UMN, and myopathies

48
Q

what are the 2 types of peripheral nerve recovery?

A

axonal repair and regrowth
collateral sprouting

49
Q

where is axon regeneration faster?

A

closer to the injury site and slower further away

50
Q

what are the 2 key players in axonal regrowth?

A

macrophages and Schwann cells

51
Q

what is the purpose of macrophages?

A

they clear away the degenerating parts

52
Q

what is the purpose of the Schwann cells?

A

they act as a guide and simulate regrowth

53
Q

how do Schwann cells support axon regrowth?

A

a growth cone extends to search for target

provides a framework to guide growing axons

secretes neurotrophic signals to promote axon growth

54
Q

does a crush injury (axonotmesis always result in wallerian degernation?

A

no

55
Q

is axon recovery more rapid and complete in crush or cut nerve injuries?

A

crush

56
Q

is a nerve is cut, it can be surgically reattached within what time frame?

A

within 3 months

57
Q

what causes outcomes to be poor with axonal regrowth?

A

if the injury is severe and distal end is not available for reapposition

58
Q

what nerve did Henry hEEAD TRANSECT ON HIMSELF?

A

Radial nerve

59
Q

what can healthy aging and diseases cause?

A

it can decrease the number of motor units

60
Q

what is collateral sprouting?

A

motor unit size increases

Neuroantomy (22 decks)

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