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Neuroantomy > Intro to the neuroanatomy of the CNS and PNS / Overview of Pathways > Flashcards

Intro to the neuroanatomy of the CNS and PNS / Overview of Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

what nervous system is the cranial and spinal nerves part of?

A

peripheral

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2
Q

what nervous system is the brain and spinal cord part of?

A

central

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3
Q

what is the functional unit of the nervous system?

A

the neuron

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4
Q

where do neutrons communicate with one another at?

A

synapses

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5
Q

where does input occur at when neurons are communicating with one another?

A

dendrites

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6
Q

where does output occur at when neutrons are communicating with one another?

A

axon and axon terminal

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7
Q

what are collections of neutrons with similar structures and function called within the CNS?

A

nucleus

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8
Q

what are collections of neutrons with similar structures and functions called outside the CNS, part of the PNS?

A

ganglion

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9
Q

what are many axons covered in?

A

myelin

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10
Q

what forms myelin in the CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes

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11
Q

what forms myelin in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

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12
Q

what is the function of myelin?

A

provides insulation allowing the electrical signal generated in the cell body to rapidly reach the axon terminal

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13
Q

what matter contains myelinated axons?

A

white matter

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14
Q

what matter contains less myelin?

A

gray matter

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15
Q

what is another term for sensory neurons?

A

afferents

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16
Q

what is another term for motor neurons?

A

efferents

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17
Q

what is the function of sensory (afferent) neurons?

A

to carry nerve impulses toward the CNS

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18
Q

what is the function of motor (efferent) neurons?

A

to carry nerve impulses away from the CNS

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19
Q

What is the function of central interneurons?

A

to carry nerve impulses from one part of the CNS to another

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20
Q

what are the somatic divisions of the PNS?

A

Sensory:
general somatic afferents (GSA)
special somatic afferents (SSA)

motor:
general somatic efferents (GSE)

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21
Q

what is the general somatic afferents division?

A

pain, temp, touch, muscle & joint position (proprioception)

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22
Q

what is the special somatic afferents division?

A

vision, hearing, smell, balance

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23
Q

where are the special somatic afferents only found?

A

cranial nerves I, II, VII

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24
Q

what is the general somatic efferent division?

A

innervation of skeletal muscle

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25
Q

what are the visceral divisions of the PNS?

A

Sensory:
general visceral afferent (GVA)
special visceral afferent (SVA)

Motor:
general visceral efferent (GVE)
special visceral efferent (SVE)

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26
Q

what is the general visceral afferent division?

A

pain and reflex sensations from internal organs, glands, and blood vessels

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27
Q

what is the special visceral afferent division?

A

taste

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28
Q

what is the general visceral efferent division?

A

innervation of smooth muscle (e.g gut, arteries) and glands = autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic subdivisions)

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29
Q

what is the special visceral efferent division?

A

innervation of skeletal muscles derived from pharyngeal arches

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30
Q

what are the names for convolutions on the cerebrum?

A

gyro and sulci

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31
Q

what are the names for convolutions on the cerebellum?

A

folia and fissures

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32
Q

what makes the diencephalon?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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33
Q

what separates the left and right hemispheres of the brain?

A

medial longitudinal fissure

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34
Q

what white matter connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain?

A

corpus Collosum

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35
Q

how many lobes is the cerebrum divided into?

A

6

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36
Q

what are the 4 classical lobes?

A

frontal, temporal, partial, occipital

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37
Q

what are the other two lobes that are named functionally?

A

limbic and insula

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38
Q

what separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

central sulcus (of Rolando)

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39
Q

what separates the frontal/parietal lobes from the temporal lobe?

A

lateral sulcus (sylvan fissure)

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40
Q

what separates the parietal and occipital lobes from the medial surface?

A

parieto-occipitaq sulcus

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41
Q

from what aspect can you see the limbic lobe?

A

from the medial surface

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42
Q

what structure covers the insula?

A

the opercula

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43
Q

what does the opercula consist of?

A

long and short gyri

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44
Q

what is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

voluntary movement
attention
short term memory tasks
motivation
planning
speech

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45
Q

what is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

auditory processing
further visual processing

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46
Q

what is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

integrates sensory stimuli
language

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47
Q

what is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

center for visual processing

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48
Q

what is the limbic lobe responsible for?

A

modulation of emotions
learning memory
visceral functions

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49
Q

what is the insular lobe responsible for?

A

taste
visceral sensation
vestibular function

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50
Q

what are the two sources of blood supply to the brain?

A

internal carotid arteries
vertebral arteries

51
Q

what to the pair of vertebral arteries join together to form?

A

basilar artery

52
Q

what is the basilar artery adjacent (inferior) to?

A

the pons

53
Q

where does the basilar artery terminate?

A

the base of the circle of willis

54
Q

what do the pontine arteries supply blood to?

A

the pons

55
Q

what 3 arteries come off the basilar and vertebral arteries and supply the cerebellum?

A

posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
anterior inferior cerebellar arteries (AICA)
superior ceerebellar arteries (SCA)

56
Q

what does the cervical spinal cord give rise to?

A

31pairs of spinal nerves

57
Q

why are the cervical and lumbar regions of the spinal cord enlarged?

A

because they contain the many neurons and fibres associated with the limbs

58
Q

where does the spinal cord end?

A

around the L1/L2

59
Q

what is the area around L1/L2 called?

A

conus medullaris

60
Q

what is the collection of roots/rootlets below the L3 level called?

A

cauda equina

61
Q

is the grey matter in the middle or outside in a cross section of the spinal cord?

A

grey matter on the inside surrounded by white matter

62
Q

what is white matter in the spinal cord divided into?

A

columns (posterior, lateral, anterior)

63
Q

what is gray matter in the spinal cord divided into?

A

horns (posterior, lateral, anterior)

64
Q

what is the posterior horn important for?

A

processing somatic sensory information (GSA)

65
Q

what is the anterior horn involved with?

A

somatic motor pathway (GSE)

66
Q

what is the lateral horn involved with?

A

sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system (GVE)

67
Q

where can the lateral horns be found?

A

T1-L1/L2 regions

68
Q

what forms a spinal nerve?

A

anterior and posterior roots

69
Q

what are discriminative (fine touch)mechanoreceptors?

A

Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles Ruffini organs
Merkel disks

70
Q

what are dorsal root ganglia (DRG)?

A

collections of neurons associated with each posterior spinal cord root

71
Q

how many neurons are present in dorsal root ganglia at the level of C5 and C7?

A

C5= 60,000
C7=100,000

72
Q

What are the structures of the neurons of the dorsal root ganglia?

A

pseudounipolar

73
Q

where do dorsal root ganglia project into the spinal cord?

A

via the dorsal roots

74
Q

where does the dorsal root ganglia travel to if it goes to the white matter?

A

travel up to the spinal cord

75
Q

where does the dorsal root ganglia travel to if it goes to the gray matter?

A

posterior horn

76
Q

what pathway does discriminative touch and conscious proprioception take within the CNS?

A

posterior column/medial lemniscus pathway

77
Q

what pathway does pain, temp, crude touch take in the CNS?

A

spinothalamic pathway

78
Q

what pathway does unconscious proprioception take within the CNS?

A

spinocerebellar pathways

79
Q

what is the starting point for the posterior column/medial lemniscus pathway?

A

touch mechanoreceptors and proprioceptors in skin, muscles, and joints

80
Q

where are the somata (cell bodies) of the primary sensory neurons located?

A

dorsal root ganglia

81
Q

where do axons from the primary neurons join white matter?

A

posterior funiculus of the spinal cord

82
Q

when both the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus caneatus are present, which is medial?

A

the FG is medial relative to the FC

83
Q

where is the fasciculus gracilis evident?

A

at every level of the spinal cord

84
Q

where is the fasciculus cuneatus evident?

A

T6 and above (first evident at C8

85
Q

where do axons in the FG and FC ascend?

A

ascend to the medalla

86
Q

where do axons in the FG and FC terminate?

A

second order neurons located in the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus respectively

87
Q

where do axons from the second order neurons enter after crossing?

A

medial lemniscus on the opposite side

88
Q

where do axons in the medial lemniscus ascend?

A

all the way through the brainstem until reaching the thalamus and synapsing on neurons in th eventual posterolateral nucleus

89
Q

what is the starting point for the spinothalamic pathway?

A

free nerve endings- pain, temp, and crude touch

90
Q

where are primary sensory neurons located in the spinothalamic pathway?

A

dorsal root ganglia

91
Q

where do axons from the primary sensory neurons project to for the spinothalamic pathway?

A

Lissauers Tract (posterolateral)

92
Q

what three divisions of the trigeminal nerve carry sensory information from the face and head to pseudo-unipolar herons in the trigeminal ganglia?

A

opthalamic nerve (V1)
maxillary nerve (V2)
mandibular nerve (V3)

93
Q

at what level do fibres project from the trigeminal ganglia and enter the brainstem?

A

the pons level

94
Q

what are the 2 different nuclei in the brainstem?

A

chief sensory nucleus of CN V
spinal nucleus of CN V

95
Q

which brainstem nuclei is for pain and temp?

A

spinal nucleus

96
Q

which brainstem nuclei is for discriminative touch and proprioception?

A

chief sensory nucleus

97
Q

what is the primary somatosensory cortex organized into?

A

somatic fashion creating a homunculus of body regions

98
Q

what is the function of the olfactory nerve?

A

smell

99
Q

what is the function of the optic nerve?

A

vision

100
Q

what is the function of the facial nerve?

A

taste

101
Q

what is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

hearing and balance

102
Q

what is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

pharynx sensation
taste

103
Q

what is the function of the vagus nerve?

A

taste

104
Q

where does the olfactory nerves carry signals to from the nasal mucosa?

A

olfactory bulb

105
Q

what forms the olfactory tract?

A

axons from neurons in the olfactory bulb

106
Q

where do axons from the olfactory bulb project?

A

directly to the primary olfactory cortex within the piriform area of the limbic lobe

107
Q

where are the optic nerves carry from and to?

A

from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

108
Q

how are the signals carried by the optic nerve?

A

via the optic tract

109
Q

what forms the optic radiation?

A

axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus

110
Q

where is the primary visual cortex located in the brain?

A

calcimine sulcus in the occipital lobe

111
Q

where is auditory (hearing) information carried from?

A

the cochlea

112
Q

how is auditory information carried?

A

by cochlear nerves

113
Q

where is auditory information carried to?

A

cochlear nuclei (medulla)

114
Q

where are neurons in the cochlear nuclei projected too?

A

inferior colliculus (midbrain)

115
Q

where do axons from from neurons in the inferior colliculus project to?

A

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of the thalamus

116
Q

where is the primary auditory cortex?

A

a region of the superior temporal gyrus

117
Q

where is vestibular (balance) information carried from?

A

the vestibular apparatus (e.g semicircular canals) by the vestibular nerves

118
Q

where do neurons in the vestibular nuclei project too?

A

numerous targets including various thalamic nuclei

119
Q

what are the primary vestibular areas?

A

insula and temporo-parietal region

120
Q

where is gustatory (tastes) information carried from?

A

anterior 2/3 of the tongue by the facial nerve

posterior 1/3 of the tongue by the glossopharyngeal nerve

epiglottis by the vagus nerve

121
Q

where is gustatory information carried to?

A

solitary nucleus (medulla)

122
Q

where do neurons in the solitary nucleus project to?

A

thalamic (VPM nucleus) which in turn project to the primary gustatory cortex

123
Q

where is the primary gustatory cortex located?

A

insula and frontal opercula

124
Q
A

Neuroantomy (22 decks)

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