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Neuroantomy > Basal Ganglia and Dopamine > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia and Dopamine Flashcards

1
Q

does the basal ganglia directly synapse with LMNs?

A

no

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2
Q

what are the 5 nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A
  1. Caudate
  2. Putamen
  3. Globus pallidus (internal/external)
  4. substantia nigra
  5. sub thalamic nucleus
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3
Q

what pathway is the globus pallidus external?

A

indirect pathway

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4
Q

what pathway is the globus pallidus internal?

A

direct pathway

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5
Q

what structures forms the striatum?

A

caudate and putamen

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6
Q

what are the 2 parts of the substantia nigra?

A

substantia nigra pars compacta
substantia nigra pars reticulata

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7
Q

where do major inputs to the basal ganglia come from?

A

cerebral cortex

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8
Q

where do almost all inputs synapse with in the basal ganglia?

A

the striatum

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9
Q

where in the basal ganglia are most major outputs coming from?

A

globus pallidus internal
substantia nigra pars reticulata

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10
Q

are the main output pathways from the basal ganglia excitatory or inhibitory?

A

inhibitory (GABAergic)

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11
Q

where are the main targets for major outputs?

A

thalamus
reticular formation
superior colliculus

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12
Q

what is inhibition?

A

When a neuron inhibits another neuron meaning it cannot be excited by a different neuron

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13
Q

what is disinhibition?

A

when a neuron inhibits another neauron meaning that neuron cannot inhibit the next neuron so that neuron then gets excited (disinhibition=excitation)

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14
Q

what is another name for the hyperdirect pathway?

A

stop pathway

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15
Q

what is the function of the hyperdirect pathway?

A

it supresses ongoing movement

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16
Q

what is another name for the direct pathway?

A

go pathway

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17
Q

what is the function of the direct pathway?

A

initiation of movemnt

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18
Q

what is another name for the indirect pathway?

A

no-go pathway

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19
Q

what is the indirect pathway?

A

supression of unwanted competing movements

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20
Q

what gets inhibited in the hyperdirect pathway?

A

the internal globus pallidus inhibits the thalamus

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21
Q

what gets inhibited in the direct pathway?

A

the thalamus is less inhibited (disinhibited) therefore movement is initiated

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22
Q

what gets inhibited in the indirect pathway?

A

the subthalamic nucleus stimulates the internal globus pallidus which inhibits the thalamus

23
Q

what is the function of the substantia nigra pars compacta?

A

It modulates activity of both the
direct and indirect pathways
through dopamine release
(dopaminergic pathway

24
Q

what is the function of the D1 receptors in the striatum?

A

Makes the direct pathway more active
(less inhibition to the thalamus)

25
Q

what is the function of the D2 receptors in the striatum?

A

Makes the indirect pathway less active
(less inhibition to the thalamus)

26
Q

what is the net effect of the D1 and D2 receptors?

A

less inhibition of the thalamus

27
Q

what does it mean that the effects of dopamine are transient?

A

the increased excitation to the cortex in the direct and indirect pathway occurs in concert with selection of a movement

28
Q

what does the basal ganglia form a motor loop with?

A

the motor cortex in the same cerebral hemisphere

29
Q

what is the function of the prefrontal loop?

A

Initiation and termination of
cognitive processes

30
Q

what is the function of the limbic loop?

A

Regulates emotional and motivated behaviour

Transitions from one mood state to another

31
Q

what is an example of a hyperkinetic disorder?

A

Huntington’s disease
Hemiballismus

32
Q

what is an example of a hypokinetic disorder?

A

Parkinson’s Disease

33
Q

what is a hyperkinetic disorder?

A

insufficient inhibition of the thalamus

34
Q

what is a hypokinetic disorder?

A

excessive inhibition of the thalamus

35
Q

where do clinical signs of a lesion to the basal ganglia typically present?

A

impairments on the contralateral side of the body

36
Q

what causes Huntington’s disease?

A

Selective atrophy of the caudate and
putamen

37
Q

what pathway is affected first in Huntington’s disease?

A

indirect pathway

38
Q

what happens to the pathways in Huntington’s disease?

A

the indirect pathway is underactive so eventually the direct pathway becomes overactive

39
Q

since both the direct and indirect pathways are affected in Huntington’s what does this result in?

A

less tonic inhibition of the thalamus

40
Q

what brain structure has a lesion leading to hemiballismus?

A

subthalamic nucleus

41
Q

what is a symptom of hemiballismus?

A

involuntary flinging of the limbs

42
Q

which side of the body is affected by hemiballismus?

A

the side contralateral to the damage

43
Q

what is the cause of Parkinson’s?

A

Progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Substantia nigra pars compacta

44
Q

what are the symptoms of Parkinson’s?

A

T- Tremor
R- rigidity
A-akinesia
P- postural instability

45
Q

what pathways are affected in parkinson’s disease?

A

both direct and indirect

46
Q

what occurs in the D1 pathway with parkinson’s?

A

there is less D1 facilitation

increased inhibition to the thalamus leading to decreased movement

47
Q

what occurs in the D2 pathway with Parkinson’s?

A

less D2 facilitation

excessive inhibition of the thalamus

48
Q

what is the net effect of dopamine loss?

A

inhibition of the thalamus

49
Q

what is Parkinson’s disease treatment?

A

a supplement/replace dopamine called L-dopa which is a dopamine precursor

50
Q

what can’t cross the blood-brain barrier?

A

dopamine

51
Q

what are dyskinesias?

A

involuntary movements

52
Q

what is ‘wearing off’?

A

predictable decline in function

53
Q

what are on-off fluctuations

A

Unpredictable changes in motor function

54
Q

what does deep brain stimulation to treat parkinsons’s target?

A

Globus Pallidus internal segment

Subthalamic nuclei

Neuroantomy (22 decks)

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