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Neuroantomy > Motor and premotor Cortex > Flashcards

Motor and premotor Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

what can the motor cortex be divided into?

A

primary motor cortex (M1)
Premotor cortex
supplementary area

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2
Q

True or false: there is more surface area of the motor cortex specific for fine motor movements

A

True, it is soma topically organized

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3
Q

what areas of the motor cortex would be larger?

A

Hands and face

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4
Q

what does the motor cortex encode?

A

movements not individual muscles

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5
Q

what is the main function of the primary motor cortex?

A

the execution of voluntary movement

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6
Q

is movement contralateral or ipsilateral to the motor cortex?

A

contralateral

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7
Q

what components of movement does the primary motor cortex encode?

A

force
direction
distance
speed

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8
Q

what is alien hand syndrome?

A

Involuntary, uncontrollable
movement of the upper extremity

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9
Q

what part of the brain is activated when you have alien hand syndrome?

A

contralateral primary motor cortex

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10
Q

what lobe is the premotor cortex in?

A

frontal lobe

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11
Q

what are the main functions of the premotor cortex?

A

motor planning
it selects the appropriate movements to perform

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12
Q

what part of the motor cortex are mirror neutrons in?

A

premotor cortex

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13
Q

how does the premotor cortex influence motor behaviour?

A

primarily via connections with the primary motor cortex

less commonly via axons projecting through the pyramidal tracts

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14
Q

what impairments may we se if there is a lesion to the premotor cortex?

A

speed and automaticity of reaching/grasping

sequential movements

gait and posture

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15
Q

what are the main functions of the supplementary motor area?

A

Programming complex sequences of
movements and coordinating bilateral movements

Selects movements based on previous experience

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16
Q

if you were learning how to play tennis and imagines yourself serving like Serena Williams, what part of the brain does this motor imagery?

A

supplementary motor area

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17
Q

what happens if there is a unilateral lesion of the SMA?

A

complete lack of contralateral movement and impaired ipsilateral movement

anti phase movement can be affected

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18
Q

what are anti phase movements?

A

Typing and playing the piano

tapping your head and rubbing your belly

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19
Q

where does intention of movement occur?

A

prefrontal cortex

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20
Q

where does motor planning occur?

A

premotor cortex

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21
Q

where does the execution of movement occur?

A

primary motor cortex

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22
Q

what is the somatotropin organization of the anterior horn of the spinal cord?

A

medial= proximal muscles
lateral= distal muscles

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23
Q

what is an interneuron/ local circuit neuron/

A

the “middle-man” that branches locally to innervate other neurons

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24
Q

are interneurons primarily inhibitory or excitatory?

A

inhibitory

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25
do interneurons project ipsilaterally or contralaterally?
both!
26
what are the two types of interneurons?
long circuit short circuit
27
what is the function of long circuit interneurons?
innervates proximal muscles for balance and postural control
28
what is the function of short circuit interneurons?
innervates distal muscles for fine motor control
29
how many levels do long circuit interneurons span?
multiple levels
30
can long circuit interneurons cross sides of the spinal cord?
yes it can cross bilaterally
31
what part of the spinal cord can long circuit interneurons activate?
medial aspect of the anterior horn of spinal cord
32
what is the functional relationship of long circuit interneurons?
bilateral control of postural muscles balance
33
how many levels does the short circuit interneurons span?
a few spinal levels (2-3)
34
does the short circuit cross the midline of the spinal cord?
it is almost exclusively ipsilateral
35
what part of the spinal cord does the short circuit interneurons activate?
lateral aspect of the anterior horn of the spinal cord
36
what is the functional relationship of the short circuit interneurons?
allows for fine motor control
37
where are the cell bodies of upper motor neurons located?
in supraspinal areas
38
what two tracts can the descending motor pathway be divided into?
pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts
39
where does the pyramidal tract originate?
cerebral cortex
40
what is the pyramidal tract responsible for?
skilled, voluntary movements of the limbs
41
where does the extrapyramidal tract originate?
in the brainstem
42
what is the extrapyramidal tract responsible for?
posture balance and gait
43
where does the lateral corticospinal tract originate?
motor cortex, mostly M1
44
where does 85% of the lateral corticospinal tract cross?
at the pyramidal decussation
45
what is the destination of the lateral corticospinal tract?
lateral LMN of spinal cord local short distance interneuron networks
46
What is the function of the lateral corticospinal tract?
skilled, voluntary movement of the limbs
47
If there is a lesion to the lateral corticospinal tract what side would be impaired?
contralateral side
48
what is the origin of the anterior corticospinal tract?
motor cortex, mostly M1
49
where does the remaining 15% of the corticospianl tract cross over?
in the spinal cord
50
what is the destination of the anterior corticospinal tract?
it terminates bilaterally in the spinal cord via long distance interneuron networks
51
what is the function of the anterior corticospinal tract?
gross control of proximal postural muscles
52
what are the impairments if there is a lesion to the anterior corticospinal tract?
minimal clinical effect
53
what do most corticospinal fibres synapse directly with?
spinal interneurons that in turn synapse with LMNs
54
what is the origin of the corticobulbar tract?
motor cortex
55
what is the destination of the corticobulbar tract?
Most terminate bilaterally on local circuit neurons in brainstem LMN nuclei of cranial nerves
56
what is the function of the corticobulbar tract?
Controls efferent activation of cranial nerves
57
if there is an injury to the corticobulbar tract (UMN) what would be the impairment?
Weakness in contralateral inferior facial muscles (left side of face) (Stroke)
58
if there is an injury to the facial nerve (LMN) what would be the impairment?
Weakness in ipsilateral superior and inferior facial muscles (entire left side of face)
59
what is the origin of the extrapyramidal pathways?
various nuclei in the brainstem
60
what is the destination of the extrapyramidal pathways?
Cross in antero-medial white matter of spinal cord Innervates bilateral local long interneuron circuits
61
what are the main functions of the extrapyramidal pathways?
* Proximal muscles * Gait and postural stability * Recruits LMNs for sophisticated reflexes * Largely automatic control of movement
62
is there function if the extrapyramidal pathways are damaged?
you can maintain some function
63
what are the names of the extrapyramidal tracts?
rubrospinal vestibulospinal reticulospinal tectospinal
64
what is the function of the rubrospinal tracts?
flexor muscle tone and arm swinging
65
what is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?
posture and balance
66
what is the function of the reticulospinal tract?
Influence voluntary movements, gait, posture, reflexes, and excites/inhibits muscle tone, sympathetic nervous system functions
67
what is the function of the tectospinal tract?
eye/head motion
68
are Parkinson's and Huntington's disease pyramidal or extrapyramidal?
extrapyramidal
69
what are the clinical presentations of extrapyramidal tract disorders?
Slowing or loss of voluntary and automatic movements Postural instability Abnormal movement
70
are extrapyramidal disorders typically bilateral or ipsilateral?
typically bilateral effects
71
is the extrapyramidal tract movement volitional or automatic?
automatic
72
is the pyramidal tract movement volitional or automatic?
volitional
73
what distance local circuit neurons are with the extrapyramidal tract?
long distance local circuit neurons
74
what distance local circuit neurons are with the pyramidal tract?
short distance local circuit neurons

Neuroantomy (22 decks)

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