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Neuroantomy > Association Cortices > Flashcards

Association Cortices Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the heteromodal association cortex?

A

puts together information provided by various unimodal association areas to accomplish more complex functions

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2
Q

what makes up most of the cerebral surface of the brain?

A

heteromodal association cortices

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3
Q

what are the heteromodal association cortices responsible for?

A

complex processing that goes on between the arrival of input to the primary sensory cortices and the generation of behaviour

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4
Q

what components can cognition be divided into?

A
  1. attending to complex stimuli (parietal cortex)
  2. identifying complex stimuli (temporal cortex)
  3. responding to complex stimuli (frontal cortex)
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5
Q

what is cognition?

A

process by which we come to know the world

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6
Q

if we have a lesion to the right parietal cortex what do we typically see?

A

unilateral neglect

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7
Q

if we have lesion to the left parietal cortex what do we typically see?

A

apraxia

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8
Q

what is apraxia?

A

(difficulty with small coordinated movements)

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9
Q

if we have damage to the right temporal cortex what do we typically see?

A

visual agnosias

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10
Q

if we have damage to the left temporal cortex what do we typically see?

A

difficulties with language

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11
Q

what do some people say is the one thing that makes us human?

A

the frontal cortex

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12
Q

what is the neocortex?

A

described most of the cortex covering the cerebral hemispheres

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13
Q

how many layers does the neocortex have?

A

6 cellular layers with distinct cell populations:
-density
-size
-shape

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14
Q

each cortical region of the neocortex has distinct connections, what are they?

A
  1. primary source of inputs and outputs
  2. vertical and horizontal axis connections
  3. radial alignment
  4. inter-neurons connect functional similar groups
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15
Q

what are the 3 main inputs of the heteromodal cortex?

A
  1. thalamus
  2. other cortical areas
  3. brainstem modulatory systems
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16
Q

what areas of the thalamus receive information from the cortex (down from the brain)?

A

mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus
pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus

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17
Q

where does the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus send information out to?

A

frontal association cortex

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18
Q

where does the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus send information out to?

A

parietal association cortex

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19
Q

are the nuclei used for primary, sensory, and motor functions involved in higher level processing?

A

no

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20
Q

wata re the main sources of input to association cortices?

A
  1. ipsilateral connections
  2. inter-hemispheric connections
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21
Q

what are ipsilateral connections?

A

from primary to secondary sensory and motor cortices on same side of brain

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22
Q

what are inter-hemispheric connections?

A

from corresponding and non-corresponding regions of cortex on the other side of the brain (via corpus callous and anterior commissure)

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23
Q

what is an example of a corresponding cortical area?

A

the right temporal association cortex is sending information to the left temporal association cortex

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24
Q

what is an example of a non-corresponding cortical area?

A

the left temporal association talking to the right parietal association cortex

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25
Q

what are the brainstem modulatory centres like?

A

dimmer switches

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26
Q

what do the brainstem modulatory centres do?

A

they emit neurotransmitters

they turn the overall activity in the brain either up or down

27
Q

where are the brainstem modulatory centres?

A
  1. upper brainstem
  2. upper brainstem +reticular formation
  3. basal forebrain
28
Q

what are the 4 main outputs to the heteromodal association cortices?

A
  1. other cortical areas (ipsilateral)
  2. other cortical areas (contralateral)
  3. subcortical structures
  4. thalamus
29
Q

does each layer of the neocortex have vertical or horizontal connections?

A

both!

30
Q

in the neocortex, cells with similar functions are wired together into what?

A

columns arranged radially

31
Q

what is the content of consciousness?

A

things like what makes us unique individuals:
memory, emotions, motor/sensory functions

ex. little voice in your head that makes you you

32
Q

what is the level of consciousness divided into?

A

alertness
attention
awareness

33
Q

what is level of consciousness sustained by?

A

consciousness system networks

34
Q

what are the 4 key brain areas that sustain the consciousness system networks?

A
  1. upper brainstem (midbrain)
  2. thalamus (diencephalon)
  3. hypothalamus (diencephalon)
    4.basal forebrain (bottom of the front of the brain)
35
Q

in order to be alert what do we need?

A

consciousness system network
some activity in the cortex in general

36
Q

in order to be attending, what do we need?

A

same circuits as alertness
fronto-parietal association cortex

37
Q

what is awareness?

A

the ability to perceive, to feel, to be conscious of events, objects, or sensory patterns

38
Q

what are the bran areas involved in alertness?

A

brainstem
diencephalon
basal forebrain
cortex

39
Q

what are the determinants of alertness?

A
  1. neuromodulatory systems in the brainstem
  2. the cortical regions to which these neuromodulatory systems project
40
Q

what are neuromodulatory stems sometimes called?

A

subcortical arousal system

41
Q

what does each brainstem neuromodulaotry system impact?

A

either alertness or cognitive processes

42
Q

what are the 3 main ways alertness is increased?

A
  1. ascending sensory inputs (eg. anterolateral pathway)

ex. pain can increase alertness such as getting a vaccine

  1. frontoparietal association and limbic cortices

ex. cognitive and emotional processed can modulate alertness (having relationships issues)

  1. hypothalamus
    ex. fight or flight (hearing something at nighttime)
43
Q

what happens when we damage these systems?

A

overall lack of alertness/consciousness

44
Q

what are the 3 distinct levels of lack of consciousness?

A

coma
vegetative state
minimally conscious state

45
Q

if someone is dead how much function is there in their brain?

A

none, absent

46
Q

what do we see a lack of in terms of consciousness in a coma?

A

lack of purposeful responses (anything that requires the cortex to process and plan)

47
Q

what may a person in a coma show?

A

reflexive eye movements

respiratory movements

posturing

48
Q

what is the lowest level of a lack of consciousness?

A

coma

49
Q

what are the 2 main types of posturing?

A

decorticate (damage to corticospinal tract)

decerebrate (damage to the rubrospinal tract)

50
Q

is decorticate or decerebrate posturing worse?

A

decerebrate

51
Q

what will we not see in someone in a vegetative state?

A

no meaningful responses, speech or gestures

52
Q

what may we see in someone in a vegetative state?

A

open eyes and arouse in response to stimulation (pain input may cause this briefly)

may turn eyes and head toward auditory and tactile stimulation

may make unintelligible sounds

53
Q

does the minimally conscious state have to occur after the vegetative state?

A

it can occur after or as a primary state

54
Q

what may be one of the earliest signs in minimally conscious state?

A

visual tracking

55
Q

in a minimally conscious state, do people have a reliable yes/no?

A

No

56
Q

how can be measure consciousness?

A

Glasgow coma scale

57
Q

what area of the brain is severely depressed when someone has locked in syndrome?

A

upper brainstem (pyramidal decussation)

58
Q

what does acetylcholine do?

A

allows us to be really alert and remember things

59
Q

without what neurotransmitter and we not very likely to be alert?

A

acetylcholine

60
Q

what part of the brain does acetylcholine go too?

A

very broad projections, all over the brain

61
Q

what does dopamine do?

A

movement and initiative
alertness and attention

62
Q

what brain structure is very important for attention?

A

prefrontal cortex

63
Q

what brain area sends dopamine to the prefrontal cortex?

A

ventral tegmental area

64
Q

what is crucial for sustained attention and concentration?

A

dopamine

Neuroantomy (16 decks)

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