Memory Flashcards
what are the 2 categories of memory?
qualitative (types of memory)
temporal (stage/time of memory)
what are the 3 stages of memory?
immediate- working memory- longterm memory
what stage of memory can you forget?
all stages (immediate, working, longterm memory)
what brain areas does the first stage of memory?
brainstem activating systems
frontotemporal association networks
what brain areas are for attention?
brainstem activating systems
frontotemporal. association networks
what brain areas are for working memory?
frontal association cortex
what brain areas are for consolidation of memory?
medial temporal structures (hippocampus)
medial diencephalic structures (thalamus/hypothalamus)
what is our declarative memory?
Explicit” memory
* Easily verbalized
* Conscious
* Often can be learned in single exposure (one-trial learning)
what does consolidation do?
moves things from your immediate memory into the working memory and long term memory
what happened to H.M after his surgery?
he could not make new memories. However, his historical memories were still intact
what was H.Ms single deficit after surgery?
Could form non-declarative memories
what deficiency do people with Korsakoff syndrome have?
B1 deficiency
what are the 2 important structures for declarative memory consolidation?
Midline diencephalic structures
Medial temporal lobe structures (hippocampus
what is the hippocampus primary role?
Establishes new declarative memories (inability = anterograde amnesia)
a lesion to what structure causes verbal memory deficits?
left diencephalic lesions
a lesion to what structure causes visual-spatial deficits?
right diencephalic lesions
a bigger hippocampal volume =
better memory
what is retrograde amnesia?
loss of memory preceding injury
what Is post traumatic/anterograde amnesia associated with?
Increased agitation and restlessness
* Disruption of sleep/wake cycle
* Prolonged periods of sleep
* Disorientation
with a TBI what is typically preserved?
history memory (i.e family, work)
what is one of the earliest and best predictors of outcomes and recovery for someone who has had a TBI?
duration of post traumatic amnesia
what is declarative memory?
things we can declare such as:
-phone #, dates, names
-events (what happened yesterday?
-important information
where is declarative memory stored?
the storage site is related to the modality in question (ex. trying to remember a visual graph is stored in the visual processing centre, what word mean is stored in wernikes area)
what is degradation of memory proportional to?
the amount of cortex damaged
what is the normal human capacity for meaningless information?
~7-9 digits
what is important for storage?
association.
Capacity of working memory depends upon meaning to the person and amount of associated information that has already been stored (ex. listing pizza places in HRM, Star Trek characters)
what also influences memory?
motivation and interest
-adult learning principles
once we’ve stored our memory, how do we retreive it?
retrieving appears to involve the frontal lobes
damage to frontal lobe = difficulty with recall, sometimes accompanied by confabulation
what is non declarative memory?
“Implicit” memory
- Difficult to verbalize
- More unconscious
- Usually require many
repetitions (gradual
learning)
depends. on premotor cortex, basal ganglia, amygdala, cerebellum
what are the 4 types of non declarative memory?
- Procedural Motor Learning
- Classical Conditioning
- Priming
- Operant Conditioning
what is classical conditioning?
learn to associate two sensory stimuli (ex. Pavlovs dogs)
(ex. smelling coffee makes us more awake)
what is priming?
Change in the processing of a stimulus due to a previous
encounter with the same or related stimulus…with or without
conscious awareness of the original encounter
ex: After seeing advertisements for a certain food, may be more
likely to ‘crave’ that food
Watching Jaws à more likely to be startled by big fish when
swimming
what is operant conditioning?
Learn to associate a Stimulus with a Response
ex: when a certain behavior is followed by a reinforcing stimulus
the likelihood of that behavior change
-parenting (ignoring unwanted behaviour)
-social media (likely to post more when you get lots of lies, etc)
what structures of the brain are important for storage of implicit memory?
The basal ganglia, cerebellum, and pre-frontal cortex are important
- Damage to these structure interferes with the ability to learn new motor skills
How is non-declarative memory retrieved?
very similar to declarative (involving frontal lobes)
more brain damage=
more severe memory impairments
what brain structure is particularly vulnerable to anoxic injury?
hippocampus
what arteries supply the medial temporal lobes and medial thalami?
basilar artery and PCA
what types of strokes are going to case memory deficits?
Posterior cerebral artery, basilar artery strokes
what causes degenerative memory loss?
Selective disease process to bilateral hippocampal,
temporal & basal forebrain structures
what condition causes degenerative memory loss?
Alzheimers disease
what are examples of multifocal lesions?
MS, tumor, Intra-cerebral
hemorrhage, CNS infection
what is psychogenic amnesia?
NO structural damage to
temporal lobes
what are examples of psychogenic amnesia?
Dissociation, repression, conversion, malingering
fact or fiction: goldfish have bad memories
fiction!
