Memory

Question 1

what are the 2 categories of memory?

Answer 1

qualitative (types of memory)

temporal (stage/time of memory)

Question 2

what are the 3 stages of memory?

Answer 2

immediate- working memory- longterm memory

Question 3

what stage of memory can you forget?

Answer 3

all stages (immediate, working, longterm memory)

Question 4

what brain areas does the first stage of memory?

Answer 4

brainstem activating systems
frontotemporal association networks

Question 5

what brain areas are for attention?

Answer 5

brainstem activating systems

frontotemporal. association networks

Question 6

what brain areas are for working memory?

Answer 6

frontal association cortex

Question 7

what brain areas are for consolidation of memory?

Answer 7

medial temporal structures (hippocampus)

medial diencephalic structures (thalamus/hypothalamus)

Question 8

what is our declarative memory?

Answer 8

Explicit” memory
* Easily verbalized
* Conscious
* Often can be learned in single exposure (one-trial learning)

Question 9

what does consolidation do?

Answer 9

moves things from your immediate memory into the working memory and long term memory

Question 10

what happened to H.M after his surgery?

Answer 10

he could not make new memories. However, his historical memories were still intact

Question 11

what was H.Ms single deficit after surgery?

Answer 11

Could form non-declarative memories

Question 12

what deficiency do people with Korsakoff syndrome have?

Answer 12

B1 deficiency

Question 13

what are the 2 important structures for declarative memory consolidation?

Answer 13

Midline diencephalic structures

Medial temporal lobe structures (hippocampus

Question 14

what is the hippocampus primary role?

Answer 14

Establishes new declarative memories (inability = anterograde amnesia)

Question 15

a lesion to what structure causes verbal memory deficits?

Answer 15

left diencephalic lesions

Question 16

a lesion to what structure causes visual-spatial deficits?

Answer 16

right diencephalic lesions

Question 17

a bigger hippocampal volume =

Answer 17

better memory

Question 18

what is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 18

loss of memory preceding injury

Question 19

what Is post traumatic/anterograde amnesia associated with?

Answer 19

Increased agitation and restlessness
* Disruption of sleep/wake cycle
* Prolonged periods of sleep
* Disorientation

Question 20

with a TBI what is typically preserved?

Answer 20

history memory (i.e family, work)

Question 21

what is one of the earliest and best predictors of outcomes and recovery for someone who has had a TBI?

Answer 21

duration of post traumatic amnesia

Question 22

what is declarative memory?

Answer 22

things we can declare such as:
-phone #, dates, names
-events (what happened yesterday?
-important information

Question 23

where is declarative memory stored?

Answer 23

the storage site is related to the modality in question (ex. trying to remember a visual graph is stored in the visual processing centre, what word mean is stored in wernikes area)

Question 24

what is degradation of memory proportional to?

Answer 24

the amount of cortex damaged

Question 25

what is the normal human capacity for meaningless information?

Answer 25

~7-9 digits

Question 26

what is important for storage?

Answer 26

association. Capacity of working memory depends upon meaning to the person and amount of associated information that has already been stored (ex. listing pizza places in HRM, Star Trek characters)

Question 27

what also influences memory?

Answer 27

motivation and interest -adult learning principles

Question 28

once we've stored our memory, how do we retreive it?

Answer 28

retrieving appears to involve the frontal lobes damage to frontal lobe = difficulty with recall, sometimes accompanied by confabulation

Question 29

what is non declarative memory?

Answer 29

"Implicit” memory * Difficult to verbalize * More unconscious * Usually require many repetitions (gradual learning) **depends. on premotor cortex, basal ganglia, amygdala, cerebellum**

Question 30

what are the 4 types of non declarative memory?

Answer 30

1. Procedural Motor Learning 2. Classical Conditioning 3. Priming 4. Operant Conditioning

Question 31

what is classical conditioning?

Answer 31

learn to associate two sensory stimuli (ex. Pavlovs dogs) (ex. smelling coffee makes us more awake)

Question 32

what is priming?

Answer 32

Change in the processing of a stimulus due to a previous encounter with the same or related stimulus...with or without conscious awareness of the original encounter ex: After seeing advertisements for a certain food, may be more likely to ‘crave’ that food Watching Jaws à more likely to be startled by big fish when swimming

Question 33

what is operant conditioning?

Answer 33

Learn to associate a Stimulus with a Response ex: when a certain behavior is followed by a reinforcing stimulus the likelihood of that behavior change -parenting (ignoring unwanted behaviour) -social media (likely to post more when you get lots of lies, etc)

Question 34

what structures of the brain are important for storage of implicit memory?

Answer 34

The basal ganglia, cerebellum, and pre-frontal cortex are important * Damage to these structure interferes with the ability to learn new motor skills

Question 35

How is non-declarative memory retrieved?

Answer 35

very similar to declarative (involving frontal lobes)

Question 36

more brain damage=

Answer 36

more severe memory impairments

Question 37

what brain structure is particularly vulnerable to anoxic injury?

Answer 37

hippocampus

Question 38

what arteries supply the medial temporal lobes and medial thalami?

Answer 38

basilar artery and PCA

Question 39

what types of strokes are going to case memory deficits?

Answer 39

Posterior cerebral artery, basilar artery strokes

Question 40

what causes degenerative memory loss?

Answer 40

Selective disease process to bilateral hippocampal, temporal & basal forebrain structures

Question 41

what condition causes degenerative memory loss?

Answer 41

Alzheimers disease

Question 42

what are examples of multifocal lesions?

Answer 42

MS, tumor, Intra-cerebral hemorrhage, CNS infection

Question 43

what is psychogenic amnesia?

Answer 43

NO structural damage to temporal lobes

Question 44

what are examples of psychogenic amnesia?

Answer 44

Dissociation, repression, conversion, malingering

Question 45

fact or fiction: goldfish have bad memories

Answer 45

fiction!