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Neuroantomy > Cerebellum and Motor Control > Flashcards

Cerebellum and Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

what does cerebellum mean?

A

“little brain”

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2
Q

what similarities does the cerebellum share with the cerebrum?

A
  • Two hemispheres
  • Outer cortical layer of gray matter
    (cerebellar cortex) and inner region
    of white matter and subcortical nuclei (deep cerebellar nuclei)
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3
Q

does the cerebrum or cerebellum contain more neurons?

A

the cerebellum has 4x as many neurons as the cerebrum

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4
Q

True or false: efferents project directly
to local circuits or LMNs?

A

false

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5
Q

is the cerebellum responsible for initiating movement?

A

no

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6
Q

how does the cerebellum primarily operate?

A

by modifying the activity of UMNs

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7
Q

how does the cerebellum modify the activity of UMNs?

A

Adjusts the motor activity of
the descending pathways to
make movements more accurate

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8
Q

list the cortical layers of the cerebellum from deepest to most superficial

A

granule - purkinje - molecular

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9
Q

what is the deep lateral nucleus of the cerebellum?

A

dentate nucleus

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10
Q

what are the 3 medial nuclei of the deep cerebellum?

A

2 interposed nuclei
1 fastigial nucleus

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11
Q

what is the honorary nucleus of the deep cerebellum?

A

vestibular nuclei

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12
Q

does the cerebellum have a homunculus?

A

yes

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13
Q

what is the somatotopic organization of the cerebellum?

A
  • Axial muscles represented more centrally
  • Distal muscles represented more laterally
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14
Q

what are the functional divisions of the cerebellum?

A
  1. Vestibulocerebellum
  2. spinocerebellum
  3. cerebrocerebellum
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15
Q

what is the function of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

postural control

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16
Q

what is the function of the spinocerebellum?

A

gross movements of the trunk and limbs

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17
Q

what is the function of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

fine motor voluntary movements

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18
Q

what are the cerebellar preduncles?

A

Connections between cerebellum and other
parts of the CNS

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19
Q

is the superior preduncle efferent or afferent?

A

exclusively efferent

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20
Q

is the middle preduncle efferent or afferent?

A

exclusively afferent

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21
Q

is the inferior preduncle efferent or afferent?

A

both

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22
Q

where do efferents from the superior preduncle go to?

A

thalamus and superior colliculus

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23
Q

where do afferents from the middle preduncle come from?

A

pontine nuclei

24
Q

where do afferents from the inferior preduncle come from?

A

vestibular nuclei, spinal cord, brainstem

25
Q

where do efferents from the inferior preduncle go to?

A

vestibular nuclei and reticular formatio

26
Q

what is the role of the vestibulocerebellum?

A
  • Integrates vestibular information from vestibular apparatus in inner ear and vestibular nuclei
  • Provides information on head position with
    respect to gravity
  • Receives visual information from visual cortex
  • Modifies vestibular reflexes for eye movements (ie. VOR) and postural control
27
Q

what tracts does the vestibulocerebellum influence?

A

vestibulospinal tracts

28
Q

where does the spinocerebellum receive information from?

A

spinal cord, vestibular nuclei, and
brainstem nuclei

29
Q

what is the vermis of the spinocerebellum responsible for?

A

balance and proximal motor control

30
Q

what is the paravermis of the spinocerebellum responsible for?

A

distal motor control

31
Q

what does output from the spinocerebellum include?

A

motor cortex via thalamus and extrapyramidal and pyramidal tracts for motor execution

32
Q

what does the vermal part of the spinocerebellum influence?

A

vestibulospinal tracts

33
Q

where is input to the cerebrocerebellum from?

A

cerebral cortex

34
Q

what is the function of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Planning and timing of highly skilled
distal movements

35
Q

what does the cerebrocerebellum form a closed loop with?

A

the cerebral cortex

36
Q

what does output from the cerebrocerebellum include?

A

cerebral cortex and lateral corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

37
Q

what are the main functions of the cerebellum?

A
  • Planning and execution of movement
  • Coordination of multi-jointed movement
  • Postural control
  • Error correction
38
Q

are clinical signs of cerebellar lesions are typically ipsilateral or contralateral to the lesion?

A

ipsilateral

39
Q

what is ataxia?

A

incoordination of movement

40
Q

what else can a cerebellar lesion cause?

A
  • Poor postural control
  • Difficulty learning highly skilled sequences
41
Q

what are signs of Vestibulocerebellum damage?

A
  • Spontaneous nystagmus
  • Postural instability
  • Truncal ataxia
42
Q

what are signs of Spinocerebellum damage?

A
  • Damage to vermis
    * Truncal ataxia
  • Damage to paravermis
    * Dysarthria
    * Limb ataxia (dysdiadochokinesia, dysmetria,
    intention tremor)
    * Ataxic gait
43
Q

what are signs of Cerebrocerebellar damage?

A
  • Loss of coordination of fine finger movements
  • Dysarthria
44
Q

what is intention tremor?

A

Tremor during movement
Increases as reach target

45
Q

what is dysmetria?

A
  • Overshooting or undershooting
    as limb approaches a target
  • Inability to gauge the distance
46
Q

what is Dysdiadochokinesia?

A

Difficulty performing rapid alternating movements

47
Q

what is a special test for dysmetria?

A

heel to shin test

48
Q

what is the definition of motor control?

A

The ability to regulate or direct the
mechanisms essential to movement

49
Q

what information does normal motor control rely heavily on?

A

visual
somatosensory
vestibular

50
Q

what brain structures are heavily involved in motor control?

A

basal ganglia and cerebellum

51
Q

what are the 3 main types of upper extremity impairments?

A
  1. Perceptual problems
  2. Reach and grasp impairments
  3. Grasp and in-hand manipulation impairments
52
Q

what can perceptual problems be caused by?

A

visual field deficits, neglect, and agnosia

  • Difficulty locating target
  • Object identification (visual agnosia)
  • Difficulty planning and executing reach and grasp
53
Q

what is the Largest contributor to impaired reaching post- stroke?

A

loss of individuation

54
Q

what are abnormal synergies?

A

Obligatory co-activation of muscles during
voluntary motion

55
Q

what does loss of individuation typically affect?

A

flexors of the upper extremities and extensors of the lower extremities

56
Q
A

Neuroantomy (13 decks)

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