Motor Learning Flashcards

1
Q

learning occurs as a direct result of what?

A

practice or experience

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2
Q

can learning be observed directly?

A

no

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3
Q

what does learning produce?

A

relatively permanent changes

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4
Q

is explicit motor learning conscious or subconscious?

A

conscious

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5
Q

what is explicit motor learning?

A

Learning generated by conscious verbal knowledge of movement performance

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6
Q

what is the focus of explicit motor learning?

A

kinematic focus

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7
Q

what does explicit motor learning rely on?

A

working memory

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8
Q

is implicit/procedural motor learning conscious or unconscious?

A

unconscious remembering of movement patterns

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9
Q

what are the stages of motor learning?

A

cognitive
associative
autonomous

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10
Q

what happens as motor learning progresses?

A

there is decreased activity in the brain during tasks

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11
Q

what are factors that affect learning?

A
  1. the abilities of the learner (learning style, experiences)
  2. the type of task (discrete vs continuous, open vs closed)
  3. the clients current learning stage (cognitive, associative, autonomous)
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12
Q

practice provides clients with what opportunities?

A

problem solving opportunities

ask the client to:
identify the problem
identify solutions
select the best solution etc.

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13
Q

what is retention?

A

How well the practice made the skill “stick”.

We can assess retention by doing the same task 24 hours later

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14
Q

what is transfer?

A

The degree to which the task practiced leads to improvements in performance of a different but related task

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15
Q

in order to learn what do we need?

A

deliberate practice (can’t just go through the motions)

increase the difficulty over time

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16
Q

what are discrete tasks?

A

the task has a clear beginning and an end

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17
Q

when is feedback obtained for a discrete task?

A

after task completion (ex. serving a tennis ball)

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18
Q

when are adjustments made during a continuous task?

A

in real time (ex. riding a bike)

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19
Q

what is part practice?

A

working on smaller parts of a skill

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20
Q

what is part practice better for?

A

early motor learning and discrete tasks

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21
Q

what is whole practice?

A

working on entire skill at once

22
Q

what is whole practice better for?

A

continuous tasks (ex. doing a layup, walking)

23
Q

what is a closed task?

A

Tasks performed in a predictable, unchanging environment

24
Q

what is an open task?

A

Tasks performed in a dynamic and changing environment

25
what is blocked practice?
practice task A then task B then task C (AAA, BBB, CCC)
26
what is random practice?
practice combinations of task A B and C (ABB, CAC, CBA)
27
what is distributed practice?
practice is broken up into a number of short sessions over a longer period of time (ABC)
28
what type of practice results in better learning, retention, and transferability?
random practice
29
what practice type leads to better retention?
distributed practice
30
when is the benefit of random practice lostT?
when learning very complex tasks or in individuals with significant neurological deficits
31
do people with neurological conditions require more or less practice?
more
32
how can we increase the dose of therapy?
action observation motor imagery
33
what is action observation?
provide a demonstration or have them observe the task it uses mirror neurons
34
what is motor imagery?
Cognitive rehearsal and imagining of a motor action with the goal of improving performance without physical movement
35
is a high dose of therapy beneficial for stroke survivors?
yes, we can have excellent outcomes with high dose (ie. 90 hours) rehabilitation
36
what are the different kinds of feedback?
1. intrinsic feedback 2. extrinsic feedback
37
what is intrinsic feedback?
Internal information the person obtains from the movement
38
what is intrinsic feedback critical for?
error detection
39
what is extrinsic feedback?
information gathered from outside the persons body
40
what are the types of extrinsic feedback?
knowledge of results knowledge of performance
41
what is knowledge of results?
feedback related to the goal/outcome of the movement ex. "you opened your hand"
42
when is knowledge of results more useful?
early motor learning
43
what is knowledge of performance?
Feedback of kinematics of the movement ex. "Your elbow was bent when you reached for the cup"
44
when is knowledge of performance more useful?
later motor learning
45
what are tips for giving feedback?
give positive feedback before negative less is more decrease feedback over time
46
in early stages of learning, feedback should be:
more general qualitative more focused on knowledge of results
47
in later stages of motor learning, feedback should be:
less frequent more delayed more specific more focused on knowledge of performance
48
what is kinematic abundance?
Multiple different ways to achieve outcome Movement patterns may differ slightly for the same task
49
what promotes task salience?
practicing meaningful tasks in everyday life make these tasks as realistic as possible
50
what learning may be more advantageous for people with cognitive impairment?
implicit learning