Motor Learning Flashcards
learning occurs as a direct result of what?
practice or experience
can learning be observed directly?
no
what does learning produce?
relatively permanent changes
is explicit motor learning conscious or subconscious?
conscious
what is explicit motor learning?
Learning generated by conscious verbal knowledge of movement performance
what is the focus of explicit motor learning?
kinematic focus
what does explicit motor learning rely on?
working memory
is implicit/procedural motor learning conscious or unconscious?
unconscious remembering of movement patterns
what are the stages of motor learning?
cognitive
associative
autonomous
what happens as motor learning progresses?
there is decreased activity in the brain during tasks
what are factors that affect learning?
- the abilities of the learner (learning style, experiences)
- the type of task (discrete vs continuous, open vs closed)
- the clients current learning stage (cognitive, associative, autonomous)
practice provides clients with what opportunities?
problem solving opportunities
ask the client to:
identify the problem
identify solutions
select the best solution etc.
what is retention?
How well the practice made the skill “stick”.
We can assess retention by doing the same task 24 hours later
what is transfer?
The degree to which the task practiced leads to improvements in performance of a different but related task
in order to learn what do we need?
deliberate practice (can’t just go through the motions)
increase the difficulty over time
what are discrete tasks?
the task has a clear beginning and an end
when is feedback obtained for a discrete task?
after task completion (ex. serving a tennis ball)
when are adjustments made during a continuous task?
in real time (ex. riding a bike)
what is part practice?
working on smaller parts of a skill
what is part practice better for?
early motor learning and discrete tasks
what is whole practice?
working on entire skill at once
what is whole practice better for?
continuous tasks (ex. doing a layup, walking)
what is a closed task?
Tasks performed in a predictable, unchanging environment
what is an open task?
Tasks performed in a dynamic and changing environment
what is blocked practice?
practice task A then task B then task C (AAA, BBB, CCC)
what is random practice?
practice combinations of task A B and C (ABB, CAC, CBA)
what is distributed practice?
practice is broken up into a number of short sessions over a longer period of time (ABC)
what type of practice results in better learning, retention, and transferability?
random practice
what practice type leads to better retention?
distributed practice
when is the benefit of random practice lostT?
when learning very complex tasks or in individuals with significant neurological deficits
do people with neurological conditions require more or less practice?
more
how can we increase the dose of therapy?
action observation
motor imagery
what is action observation?
provide a demonstration or have them observe the task
it uses mirror neurons
what is motor imagery?
Cognitive rehearsal and imagining of a motor action with the goal
of improving performance without physical movement
is a high dose of therapy beneficial for stroke survivors?
yes, we can have excellent outcomes with high dose (ie. 90 hours) rehabilitation
what are the different kinds of feedback?
- intrinsic feedback
- extrinsic feedback
what is intrinsic feedback?
Internal information the person obtains from the movement
what is intrinsic feedback critical for?
error detection
what is extrinsic feedback?
information gathered from outside the persons body
what are the types of extrinsic feedback?
knowledge of results
knowledge of performance
what is knowledge of results?
feedback related to the goal/outcome of the movement
ex. “you opened your hand”
when is knowledge of results more useful?
early motor learning
what is knowledge of performance?
Feedback of kinematics of the
movement
ex. “Your elbow was bent
when you reached for the cup”
when is knowledge of performance more useful?
later motor learning
what are tips for giving feedback?
give positive feedback before negative
less is more
decrease feedback over time
in early stages of learning, feedback should be:
more general
qualitative
more focused on knowledge of results
in later stages of motor learning, feedback should be:
less frequent
more delayed
more specific
more focused on knowledge of performance
what is kinematic abundance?
Multiple different ways to
achieve outcome
Movement patterns may differ slightly for the same task
what promotes task salience?
practicing meaningful tasks in everyday life
make these tasks as realistic as possible
what learning may be more advantageous for people with cognitive impairment?
implicit learning
