Motor Learning

Question 1

learning occurs as a direct result of what?

Answer 1

practice or experience

Question 2

can learning be observed directly?

Answer 2

no

Question 3

what does learning produce?

Answer 3

relatively permanent changes

Question 4

is explicit motor learning conscious or subconscious?

Answer 4

conscious

Question 5

what is explicit motor learning?

Answer 5

Learning generated by conscious verbal knowledge of movement performance

Question 6

what is the focus of explicit motor learning?

Answer 6

kinematic focus

Question 7

what does explicit motor learning rely on?

Answer 7

working memory

Question 8

is implicit/procedural motor learning conscious or unconscious?

Answer 8

unconscious remembering of movement patterns

Question 9

what are the stages of motor learning?

Answer 9

cognitive
associative
autonomous

Question 10

what happens as motor learning progresses?

Answer 10

there is decreased activity in the brain during tasks

Question 11

what are factors that affect learning?

Answer 11

1. the abilities of the learner (learning style, experiences)
2. the type of task (discrete vs continuous, open vs closed)
3. the clients current learning stage (cognitive, associative, autonomous)

Question 12

practice provides clients with what opportunities?

Answer 12

problem solving opportunities

ask the client to:
identify the problem
identify solutions
select the best solution etc.

Question 13

what is retention?

Answer 13

How well the practice made the skill “stick”.

We can assess retention by doing the same task 24 hours later

Question 14

what is transfer?

Answer 14

The degree to which the task practiced leads to improvements in performance of a different but related task

Question 15

in order to learn what do we need?

Answer 15

deliberate practice (can’t just go through the motions)

increase the difficulty over time

Question 16

what are discrete tasks?

Answer 16

the task has a clear beginning and an end

Question 17

when is feedback obtained for a discrete task?

Answer 17

after task completion (ex. serving a tennis ball)

Question 18

when are adjustments made during a continuous task?

Answer 18

in real time (ex. riding a bike)

Question 19

what is part practice?

Answer 19

working on smaller parts of a skill

Question 20

what is part practice better for?

Answer 20

early motor learning and discrete tasks

Question 21

what is whole practice?

Answer 21

working on entire skill at once

Question 22

what is whole practice better for?

Answer 22

continuous tasks (ex. doing a layup, walking)

Question 23

what is a closed task?

Answer 23

Tasks performed in a predictable, unchanging environment

Question 24

what is an open task?

Answer 24

Tasks performed in a dynamic and changing environment

Question 25

what is blocked practice?

Answer 25

practice task A then task B then task C (AAA, BBB, CCC)

Question 26

what is random practice?

Answer 26

practice combinations of task A B and C (ABB, CAC, CBA)

Question 27

what is distributed practice?

Answer 27

practice is broken up into a number of short sessions over a longer period of time (ABC)

Question 28

what type of practice results in better learning, retention, and transferability?

Answer 28

random practice

Question 29

what practice type leads to better retention?

Answer 29

distributed practice

Question 30

when is the benefit of random practice lostT?

Answer 30

when learning very complex tasks or in individuals with significant neurological deficits

Question 31

do people with neurological conditions require more or less practice?

Answer 31

more

Question 32

how can we increase the dose of therapy?

Answer 32

action observation
motor imagery

Question 33

what is action observation?

Answer 33

provide a demonstration or have them observe the task

it uses mirror neurons

Question 34

what is motor imagery?

Answer 34

Cognitive rehearsal and imagining of a motor action with the goal
of improving performance without physical movement

Question 35

is a high dose of therapy beneficial for stroke survivors?

Answer 35

yes, we can have excellent outcomes with high dose (ie. 90 hours) rehabilitation

Question 36

what are the different kinds of feedback?

Answer 36

1. intrinsic feedback
2. extrinsic feedback

Question 37

what is intrinsic feedback?

Answer 37

Internal information the person obtains from the movement

Question 38

what is intrinsic feedback critical for?

Answer 38

error detection

Question 39

what is extrinsic feedback?

Answer 39

information gathered from outside the persons body

Question 40

what are the types of extrinsic feedback?

Answer 40

knowledge of results
knowledge of performance

Question 41

what is knowledge of results?

Answer 41

feedback related to the goal/outcome of the movement
ex. “you opened your hand”

Question 42

when is knowledge of results more useful?

Answer 42

early motor learning

Question 43

what is knowledge of performance?

Answer 43

Feedback of kinematics of the
movement
ex. “Your elbow was bent
when you reached for the cup”

Question 44

when is knowledge of performance more useful?

Answer 44

later motor learning

Question 45

what are tips for giving feedback?

Answer 45

give positive feedback before negative

less is more

decrease feedback over time

Question 46

in early stages of learning, feedback should be:

Answer 46

more general
qualitative
more focused on knowledge of results

Question 47

in later stages of motor learning, feedback should be:

Answer 47

less frequent
more delayed
more specific
more focused on knowledge of performance

Question 48

what is kinematic abundance?

Answer 48

Multiple different ways to
achieve outcome

Movement patterns may differ slightly for the same task

Question 49

what promotes task salience?

Answer 49

practicing meaningful tasks in everyday life

make these tasks as realistic as possible

Question 50

what learning may be more advantageous for people with cognitive impairment?

Answer 50

implicit learning