Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow Flashcards
Polycythemia
Abnormally high hematocrit
MCV
Measures size of erythrocytes - including contributions from circulating reticulocytes (normal - 80-100 μm³)
Reticulocytes
Immature (newly formed) RBCs that are slightly larger (mean MCV of 95-115 μm³)
Only 1-2% of circulating RBCs
Left shift - high reticulocyte count - may indicate pathology
Sperocytes
Damaged RBCs - removed by the spleen
Megakaryocyte - largest cell in marrow
Fragements to make platelets
Zones of the platelet
alpha granules contain fibrinogen, coagulation factors, plasminogen, and PDGF
delta granules contain ADP, ATP, serotonin, and histamine
Lambda granules contain hydrolytic enzymes
Neutrophils - polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)
The # of lobes increase as cells age
(non-specific) Zure granules - lysosomes and contain acid phosphatase, elastase, peroxidase, and defensins
Specific granules - contain antibacterial substances such as collagenase, phospholipase, complement activators and lysozyme
Neutrophil phagocytosis
Fc receptors
Complement receptors
Scavenger and TLRs
Eosinophil
Nucleus is bi (or tri) lobed
Granules contain major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, and histaminase
Also contain non-specific (azure) lysosomal granules
Release histaminase to dampen effects of mast cell and basophil degranulation
Stain w/ Wright’s stain
Basophil
Contain same substances as mast cell granules - heparin, histamine, heparan sulfate, and leukotrienes
Short-lived cells
IgE surface receptors (same as mast cells)
If progenitor cells are exposed to the
appropriate transcription factors they differentiate into basophils and remain in peripheral blood; if not exposed to these transcription factors, progenitor cells migrate to the spleen and after further differentiation become mast cell progenitors. The mast cell progenitors travel to CT associated with organs such as the intestine and skin where they become mature mast cells.
Shifts in leukocyte count
Table
Three lineages in hematopoiesis from the common stem cell
- Erythroid/megakaryocyte lineage (RBCs/Platelets)
- Myeloid lineage
- Lymphoid lineage (includes NK cells)
Hematopoiesis throughout life
Megakaryocytes (arrows)
Left: basophil
Right: neutrophil
Left: lymphocyte
Right: eosinophil
lymphocytes (large on right may be NK cell)
Neutrophil (note drumstick)
Left: Neutrophil
Right: Eosinophil
Monocyte
Left: Monocyte
Right: Neutrophil
Post mitotic phase of RBC differentiation
Pre-mitotic differentiation of granulocytes
Stages of erythrocytic differentiation
Granular luekocytic differentiation
Myeloid lineage cell types
- Monocytes
- Macrophages
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils/mast cells
- Dendritic cells
Development time and life span of granulocytes vs erythrocytes
Eosinophilic myelocyte
Neutrophilic myelocyte
Erythropoeisis
- Neutrophilic myelocyte
- Eosinophilic myelocyte
Golgi halo is characteristic of myelocytes
Polychromatophilic erythroblasts
Which of the following is characteristic of both erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis?
D. Cells exhibit an increase in the percentage of heterchromatin and decrease in cell size
Erythropoeisis - increase in polysomes then decreases
Granulopoeisis - increases in rER then decrease
The luekocyte has similar properties to what cell that is normally found in connective tissue?
Mast cell
Basophils have surface receptors for which immunoglobulins?
IgE and IgG
Same as mast cells
Endoreduplication
Specific to megakaryocytes - nuclei divides but does not undergo cytokinesis
