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M1 > Histology - Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Histology - Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Embryonic CT

A

AKA mesenchyme

Small spindle shaped cells with a fiscous ground substance and sparse collagen fibers

i.e. mucous CT - Wharton’s jelly (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate) found in umbilical cord and vitreous humor

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2
Q

Connective tissue proper

Three types

A

Loose (aereolar) CT

Dense irregular CT

Dense regular CT

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3
Q

Loose CT

A

AKA areolar CT - found beneath epithelia and comprises the lamina propria - also surrounds the smallest blood vessels (initial site of immune response when epithelium is breached)

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4
Q

Dense Irregular CT

A

Contains mostly collagen (not much ground substance)

Typically the fibroblast/fibrocyte

Makes up the submucose of organs and the thick layer of skin (reticular dermis)

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5
Q

Dense Regular CT

A

Contains mostly collagen I fibers

Lined up in parallel arrays for max. strength (i.e. tendons and ligaments)

Cornea = DRCT (fibrocytes - keratocytes)

Tendon fibrocytes - tendinocytes

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6
Q

Specialized CT

A

Adipose, cartilage/bone, blood/marrow

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7
Q

What surround glandular epithelium?

A

Loose CT

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8
Q
A

Superior - epitendineum (thin capsule that surrounds tendon)

Inferior - endotendineum (surrounds tendon fascicles)

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9
Q

Extracellular Matrix

Of CT

A

Composed of collagen and elastic fibers (elastin and fibrillin)

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10
Q

Ground substance

A

proteoglycens (aggrecan, syndecan), adhesive proteins (fibronectin, laminin), and glycosaminoglycans (dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, hyaluronan)

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11
Q

Resident cells

A

Fibroblasts, myoblasts, macrophages, mast cells, adipocytes, and adult stem cells

Stationary in CT

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12
Q

Transient cells

A

AKA wandering cells:

lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes

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13
Q

What types of collagen is required for national exams?

A

I, II, III, and IV

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14
Q

Type I collagen

A

Resistance to force, tension, and stretch

Comprises 90% of all collagen

Collagen I fibers of the dermis (F - fibrocytes)

Bone, tendon, ligaments, dermis, sclera, organ capsules

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15
Q

Type II collagen

A

Resistance to pressure

Cartilage (hyaline and elastic), notochord, intervertebral disk

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15
Q

Type III collagen

A

Forms reticular fibers, as a loose stromal scaffolding for parenchymal cells of many organs

Arrows indicate reticular fibers

Loose CT and in organs (uterus, liver, spleen, kidney, lung…etc.) smooth muscle, endonerium, blood vessels, and fetal skin

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16
Q

Type IV collagen

A

Support, filtration barrier

Basal lamina of epithelia, glomeruli, lens capsule

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17
Q

What synthesizes elastic fibers?

A

Fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells

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18
Q

What amino acids are unique to elastin?

A

Desomosine and allysine (form tetramers of lysine that help cross-link adjacent elastic fibers)

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19
Q

Marfan’s syndrome

A

Autosomal dominant inheritance

Mutations in fibrillin (elastic fiber component of CT extracellular matrix)

20
Q

Fibrillin

A

Fibrous glycoprotein that stabilizes the amorphous elastin molecules

21
Q

What vessels contain elastic tissue arranged in lamina?

A

Large and intermediate sized arteries

22
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

(GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides - polysaccharides with repeating disaccharide unites (hexose or heuronic acid linked to hexosamine)

Chondroitin/keratan/dermatan/ and heparan sulfate - exist primarily as proteoglycans

Hyaluronic acid exists only as a free GAG (thousands of sugars compared to hundreds of sugars typical with others GAGs) - allows it to hold a lot of water

23
Q

Glyco

A
24
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Have a core protein plus at least one O-linked GAG

Exist as monomers or as aggregates bound to hyaluronic acid

Aggrecan, decorin, versican, and syndecan

25
Q

While all of the following may be be characteristic of connective tissue, which is least likely to be observed?

A

CT is not typically exposed to a body surface

26
Q

While all of the following may be be characteristic of connective tissue, which is least likely to be observed?

A

CT is not typically exposed to a body surface

27
Q

Which of the following is a component of reticular fibers - that is, a loose scaffolding for parenchymal cells in organs such as lymph nodes or the spleen?

A

Collagen type III

28
Q

What collagen type is a component of reticular fibers - that is, a loose scaffolding for parenchymal cells in organs such as lymph nodes or the spleen?

A

Collagen type III

29
Q

Multilocular vs. unilocular

A

Multilocular = mutliple droplets (brown fat)

Unilocular = one droplet (white fat)

30
Q

Mesenchymal (embryonic) connective tissue

A

CT of the umbilical cord and vitreous (contains Wharton’s jelly)

31
Q

Where do chodro progenitor cells reside?

A

The perichondrium

32
Q

Predominant collagen in hyaline cartilage

A

Type II cartilage

33
Q

ge

Elastic cartilage

A

Flexible and support (external ear/auditory meautus, eustachian tube, larynx)

Elastic fibers are prominent in matrix

33
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Resists compression and provites structural support

Contains collagen II

Chondrocytes and chondroblasts

34
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Appears as a combination of dense regular CT and hyaline carilage.

Major proteins are collagen I (CT) and collagen II (cartilage)

Intervebral, articular disks

No perichonrdium

Chondrocytes and fibroblasts (instead of fibroblasts)

35
Q
A
36
Q

What causes the production of less matrix proteins of catilage in osteoarthritis?

A

Chondrocytes produce IL-1 and TNF - alpha, therefore, producing less matrix proteins

37
Q

In certain situations cartilage can function as a shock absorber; it is pliable and compressible due primarily to the presence of ______ ?

A

Intercellular water

38
Q

Isogenous groups of chondrocytes

A

Note:

H&E stain -

Capsular matrix - darkest
Territorial matrix - less
Interterritorial - even less

(Stains fibrils in matrix)

39
Q

What type of proteins play the most significant role in binding extracellular water in CT?

A

Glycosaminoglycans

40
Q
A
41
Q

Degenerative osteoarthritis

A

Degeneration of articular cartilage

42
Q
A

Plasma cell (with golgi halo)

43
Q
A

1 - capsule matrix

2 - territorial matrix

3 - interterritorial matrix

44
Q

Chondrasarcoma

A

Tumor in bone derived from cartilage

Sarcoma - tumor derived from connective tissue

45
Q
A
46
Q
A

Longitudinal section near the growth plate

Endochondral ossification

1 - Zone of reserve cartilage
2 - Zone of proliferation
3 - Zone of hypertrophy
4 - Zone of mineralization

M1 (53 decks)

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