Head and Neck development Flashcards

1
Q

Which aortic arch is vestigual?

A

The fifth aortic arch

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2
Q

What do the pharyngeal arches develop into?

A

Cartilage

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3
Q

What embryonic germ layer is the visceralcranial and neurocranial regions derived from?

A

Visceralcranial - neural crest cells

Neurocranial - paraxial mesoderm (somitomeres)

The laryngeals - lateral plate mesoderm

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4
Q

What does the first pharyngeal arch develop into?

A

Meckel’s cartilage
Malleus
Incus

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5
Q

What does the second pharyngeal arch develop into?

A
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6
Q

What does the third pharyngeal arch develop into?

A
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7
Q

What does the fourth pharyngeal and sixth arches develop into?

A

The laryngeal cartilages

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8
Q

What does the fifth pharyngeal arch develop into?

A
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9
Q

What cells migrate into the arches to provide musculature for the craniofacial region?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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10
Q

What are the homeobox gene involved in craniofacial development?

A

Neural crest cells bring their genetic codes to help pattern head and neck

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11
Q

What patterns the pharyngeal arches and induces differentiation?

A

The pharyngeal pouches

BMP7, FGF8, and SHH interact with homeobox genes to pattern this tissue

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12
Q

Why do cervical sinuses develop?

A

The failure of the second arch tissue to completely occlude the other clefts

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13
Q

What does the endoderm of the first pharyngeal pouch form?

A

The auditory tube

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14
Q

What does the endoderm of the second pharyngeal pouch form?

A

The pallentine tonsils

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15
Q

What does the endoderm of the third pharyngeal pouch form?

A

Inferior parathyroid and the thymus

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16
Q

What does the endoderm of the fourth pharyngeal pouch form?

A

The superior parathyroid

17
Q

Where is the thyroid derived?

A

Endoderm from pharynx (foramen cecum)

Tongue develops here as well

First arch forms the body of the tongue - innervated by the trigeminal nerve

The second and third arches form tissue that fuses to form first 1/3 of the tongue (including the root) - innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve

The epiglottis and very posterior tongue is derived from the fourth pharyngeal arch

18
Q

When does facial development begin?

A

The fourth week

19
Q

What is a placode?

A

A sensory organ that forms when the ectoderm thickens (gets taller)

20
Q
A

Secondary palate formation ( begins at 6.5 weeks)

Palatal shells completely fuse by 10 weeks

Secondary palate is derived from the first pharyngeal arch

21
Q

Defects in the primary palate:

A

Cleft lip/palate

Frequency: 1 in 700 births
Boys cleft lip w/wo cleft palate = 2x girls
Girls cleft palate = 2x boys

22
Q

What establishes the midline?

A

Notocord and prechordal plate - SHH

SHH must be bound to cholesterol to distribute properly

23
Q
A

Mandible

24
Q
A
25
Q
A

Arch endoderm

The cells of the pouch endoderm communicate with the paraxial mesoderm (somites and somitomeres)

26
Q
A

aortic arch, cranial nerve, and cartilage

27
Q
A

Failure of the mandible to grow

28
Q

Id the major embryonic prominences of the face?

A