Peripheral Blood Flashcards
1
Q
What are formed elements?
A
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells
- Platelets
2
Q
What does blood consist of?
A
- Formed elements
- Plasma
3
Q
What cells make up leukocytes?
A
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
4
Q
What is Hematocrit?
A
-The volume occupied by RBC’s after centrifugation of a sample of blood
5
Q
What is the average hematocrit for men and women?
A
Men: 40-50%
Women: 35-45%
6
Q
What percentage of blood is plasma?
A
-50-65%
7
Q
What makes up plasma?
A
- Water
- Proteins
- Electolytes & solutes
8
Q
What do blue top blood tubes contain? What are they used for?
A
- anticoagulant
- Used for sedimentation rate (ESR)
9
Q
How many red blood cells are there per microliter of blood?
A
-5 million
10
Q
What is sedimentation rate? (ESR)
A
-the time needed for RBC’s to settle to the bottom of a blue capped test tube
11
Q
What are the red-top blood tubes for?
A
-determining clotting time
12
Q
What does the clot consist of?
A
- formed elements
- clotting factors
13
Q
What is contained within serum?
A
- Growth factors
- proteins
- antibodies
- proteins released from platelets
14
Q
What is the diameter of a normal red blood cell?
A
-7.5 um
15
Q
How do red blood cells derive energy?
A
-anaerobic metabolism of glucose
16
Q
What are the basic constituents of the red blood cell membrane?
A
- 40% lipid
- 50% protein
- 10% oligosaccharide
17
Q
What determines the blood type of a patient?
A
-oligosaccharides on the surface
18
Q
What cytoskeleton do red blood cells have?
A
- band proteins w/ ankyrin
- connected by spectrin to actin link piece
19
Q
What are the 3 sites of normal red blood cell destruction?
A
- spleen
- liveer
- bone marrow
20
Q
How are old red blood cells recognized?
A
- alteration of surface oligosaccharides
- dysfunctional ion channels
- changes in cytoskeleton
21
Q
What are reticulocytes?
A
- immature RBC’s
- contain small amounts of remnant mRNA and ribosomes
- normally 1% of peripheral RBC’s
22
Q
What is reticking?
A
- when >1% of peripheral RBC’s are reticulocytes
- signifies loss of RBC’s
23
Q
What is Polycythemia?
A
-Increased Hematocrit
24
Q
What does Polycythemia increase the risk of?
A
-thrombotic events
25
What are the general causes of anemia?
- blood loss
- decreased RBC production
- Increased RBC destruction
- Production of RBC's with low Hb content
26
What diameter is associated with a macrocyte?
-RBC with diameter >9 um
27
What causes microcytic anemia?
- decreased Hb synthesis during erythrocyte dev
| - caused by low Fe
28
What is hereditary spherocytosis?
- patients have fragile, convex RBC's
| - caused by mutation in ankyrin
29
What is the Buffy Coat?
-portion of blood that contains platelets and leukocytes
30
List the granulocytes of the Buffy coat:
- neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
31
List the agranulocytes of the Buffy coat:
- Monocytes
| - Lymphocytes
32
What are Azurophilic Granules?
- specialized lysozomes that stain darkly.
| - present in all granulocytes
33
Where is granule synthesis complete?
-Bone marrow
34
What kind of nucleus does the Neurtrophil have?
-tri-lobed
35
What kind of nucleus does the Eosinophil have?
-Bi-lobed
36
What kind of nucleus does the Basophil have?
- Bi-lobed
| - Difficult to see though b/c of staining
37
What do neutrophils do?
-kill bacteria
38
What is a drumstick appendage?
-the inactivated X chromosome seen protruding from the nucleus of neutrophils in femails
39
How do neutrophils create energy?
-anaerobic metabolism of glucose
40
What is pus?
- dead bacteria
| - neutrophils
41
What does lactoferrin do?
- binds iron
| - iron is crucial to the survival of bacteria, take it away with lactoferrin, bacteria die
42
Describe hereditary neutrophil disorder:
- deficiency of NADPH oxidase
| - reduces killing power of neutrophils as they cannot produce hydrogen peroxide
43
What is left shift?
- means antibiotics aren't working
| - band cells seen in blood smear
44
What are Band Cells?
-immature Neutrophils
45
What is the distinguishing characteristic of band cells?
-Horseshoe shaped nucleus
46
What signal on the surface of endothelial cells tells neutrophils and leukocytes where to slow down and enter tissue from the blood stream?
-P-selectin
47
What is diapedesis?
-migration of leukocytes into the tissue surrounding blood vessels
48
What do Eosinophils do?
- kill parasites
| - also produce substances that counteract basophils and mast cells
49
What is major basic protein in Eosinophils?
- used to kill parasites
| - eosinophil surrounds worm and exocytoses MBP to kill them
50
How do Eosinophils kill their targets?
-surround them and exocytose MBP
51
What do Basophils do?
-release heparin and histamine in response to IgE antibodies
52
What receptors are Basophils coated with?
-IgE
53
What are the three types of lymphocytes based on cell surface markers?
1. T Lymphocytes (CD 4+/8+)
2. B Lymphocytes (CD 20+)
3. Natural Killer Cells
54
Are Lymphocytes terminally differnetiated upon leaving the bone marrow?
-No
55
What are the only leukocytes that can return from the tissue back to the blood after diapedesis?
-Lymphocytes
56
What are the largest leukocytes?
-Monocytes
57
What is the shape of the monocyte nuclesu?
- Large
- Oval
- Horeseshoe
- kidney
58
What do monocytes do?
- precursor cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system
| - become APC's in other tissues (macrohpages, laangerhans, etc)
59
What do platelets tend to do in peripheral blood smears?
-clump together
60
What is the normal range of platelets found per uL of blood?
-120,000-400,000
61
What is the lifespan of platelets?
-10 days
62
What are demarcation areas?
-mark where platelets will separate from megakaryocyte
63
What is the hyalomere of a platelet?
-lightly staining peripheral zone
64
What is the granulomere of a platelet?
-darker staining central zone
65
What is found within the granulomere?
- Actin/myosin (contractility)
| - granules
66
What are the granules of platelets?
- Lambda
- Delta
- Alpha
67
What are lambda granules?
-lysosomes
68
What are Delta Granules?
-contain ATP, ADP, PPi, 5-HT, & calcium
69
What are Alpha granules?
-contain fibrinogen and other platelet recruiting factors
70
What does the open canalicular system do for platelets?
- provides a large surface area onto which granules can fuse
| - consist of invaginations of the plasma membrane deep into the platelet
71
What does the dense tubular system do for the platelet?
-Stores Ca2+ ions
72
What are the major roles of platelets in clotting?
- primary aggregation
- secondary aggregation
- blood coagulation
73
What is clot retraction?
-clot bulging into the blood vessel lumen contracts due to the interaction of platelet actin and myosin
74
What are the two systems of membrane channels in platelets?
- Open canalicular system
| - Dense tubular system
