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Histology Term 1 > Peripheral Blood > Flashcards

Peripheral Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are formed elements?

A
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
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2
Q

What does blood consist of?

A
  • Formed elements

- Plasma

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3
Q

What cells make up leukocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
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4
Q

What is Hematocrit?

A

-The volume occupied by RBC’s after centrifugation of a sample of blood

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5
Q

What is the average hematocrit for men and women?

A

Men: 40-50%

Women: 35-45%

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6
Q

What percentage of blood is plasma?

A

-50-65%

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7
Q

What makes up plasma?

A
  • Water
  • Proteins
  • Electolytes & solutes
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8
Q

What do blue top blood tubes contain? What are they used for?

A
  • anticoagulant

- Used for sedimentation rate (ESR)

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9
Q

How many red blood cells are there per microliter of blood?

A

-5 million

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10
Q

What is sedimentation rate? (ESR)

A

-the time needed for RBC’s to settle to the bottom of a blue capped test tube

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11
Q

What are the red-top blood tubes for?

A

-determining clotting time

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12
Q

What does the clot consist of?

A
  • formed elements

- clotting factors

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13
Q

What is contained within serum?

A
  • Growth factors
  • proteins
  • antibodies
  • proteins released from platelets
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14
Q

What is the diameter of a normal red blood cell?

A

-7.5 um

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15
Q

How do red blood cells derive energy?

A

-anaerobic metabolism of glucose

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16
Q

What are the basic constituents of the red blood cell membrane?

A
  • 40% lipid
  • 50% protein
  • 10% oligosaccharide
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17
Q

What determines the blood type of a patient?

A

-oligosaccharides on the surface

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18
Q

What cytoskeleton do red blood cells have?

A
  • band proteins w/ ankyrin

- connected by spectrin to actin link piece

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19
Q

What are the 3 sites of normal red blood cell destruction?

A
  • spleen
  • liveer
  • bone marrow
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20
Q

How are old red blood cells recognized?

A
  • alteration of surface oligosaccharides
  • dysfunctional ion channels
  • changes in cytoskeleton
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21
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A
  • immature RBC’s
  • contain small amounts of remnant mRNA and ribosomes
  • normally 1% of peripheral RBC’s
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22
Q

What is reticking?

A
  • when >1% of peripheral RBC’s are reticulocytes

- signifies loss of RBC’s

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23
Q

What is Polycythemia?

A

-Increased Hematocrit

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24
Q

What does Polycythemia increase the risk of?

A

-thrombotic events

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25
Q

What are the general causes of anemia?

A
  • blood loss
  • decreased RBC production
  • Increased RBC destruction
  • Production of RBC’s with low Hb content
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26
Q

What diameter is associated with a macrocyte?

A

-RBC with diameter >9 um

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27
Q

What causes microcytic anemia?

A
  • decreased Hb synthesis during erythrocyte dev

- caused by low Fe

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28
Q

What is hereditary spherocytosis?

A
  • patients have fragile, convex RBC’s

- caused by mutation in ankyrin

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29
Q

What is the Buffy Coat?

A

-portion of blood that contains platelets and leukocytes

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30
Q

List the granulocytes of the Buffy coat:

A
  • neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
31
Q

List the agranulocytes of the Buffy coat:

A
  • Monocytes

- Lymphocytes

32
Q

What are Azurophilic Granules?

A
  • specialized lysozomes that stain darkly.

- present in all granulocytes

33
Q

Where is granule synthesis complete?

A

-Bone marrow

34
Q

What kind of nucleus does the Neurtrophil have?

A

-tri-lobed

35
Q

What kind of nucleus does the Eosinophil have?

A

-Bi-lobed

36
Q

What kind of nucleus does the Basophil have?

A
  • Bi-lobed

- Difficult to see though b/c of staining

37
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

-kill bacteria

38
Q

What is a drumstick appendage?

A

-the inactivated X chromosome seen protruding from the nucleus of neutrophils in femails

39
Q

How do neutrophils create energy?

A

-anaerobic metabolism of glucose

40
Q

What is pus?

A
  • dead bacteria

- neutrophils

41
Q

What does lactoferrin do?

A
  • binds iron

- iron is crucial to the survival of bacteria, take it away with lactoferrin, bacteria die

42
Q

Describe hereditary neutrophil disorder:

A
  • deficiency of NADPH oxidase

- reduces killing power of neutrophils as they cannot produce hydrogen peroxide

43
Q

What is left shift?

A
  • means antibiotics aren’t working

- band cells seen in blood smear

44
Q

What are Band Cells?

A

-immature Neutrophils

45
Q

What is the distinguishing characteristic of band cells?

A

-Horseshoe shaped nucleus

46
Q

What signal on the surface of endothelial cells tells neutrophils and leukocytes where to slow down and enter tissue from the blood stream?

A

-P-selectin

47
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

-migration of leukocytes into the tissue surrounding blood vessels

48
Q

What do Eosinophils do?

A
  • kill parasites

- also produce substances that counteract basophils and mast cells

49
Q

What is major basic protein in Eosinophils?

A
  • used to kill parasites

- eosinophil surrounds worm and exocytoses MBP to kill them

50
Q

How do Eosinophils kill their targets?

A

-surround them and exocytose MBP

51
Q

What do Basophils do?

A

-release heparin and histamine in response to IgE antibodies

52
Q

What receptors are Basophils coated with?

A

-IgE

53
Q

What are the three types of lymphocytes based on cell surface markers?

A
  1. T Lymphocytes (CD 4+/8+)
  2. B Lymphocytes (CD 20+)
  3. Natural Killer Cells
54
Q

Are Lymphocytes terminally differnetiated upon leaving the bone marrow?

A

-No

55
Q

What are the only leukocytes that can return from the tissue back to the blood after diapedesis?

A

-Lymphocytes

56
Q

What are the largest leukocytes?

A

-Monocytes

57
Q

What is the shape of the monocyte nuclesu?

A
  • Large
  • Oval
  • Horeseshoe
  • kidney
58
Q

What do monocytes do?

A
  • precursor cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system

- become APC’s in other tissues (macrohpages, laangerhans, etc)

59
Q

What do platelets tend to do in peripheral blood smears?

A

-clump together

60
Q

What is the normal range of platelets found per uL of blood?

A

-120,000-400,000

61
Q

What is the lifespan of platelets?

A

-10 days

62
Q

What are demarcation areas?

A

-mark where platelets will separate from megakaryocyte

63
Q

What is the hyalomere of a platelet?

A

-lightly staining peripheral zone

64
Q

What is the granulomere of a platelet?

A

-darker staining central zone

65
Q

What is found within the granulomere?

A
  • Actin/myosin (contractility)

- granules

66
Q

What are the granules of platelets?

A
  • Lambda
  • Delta
  • Alpha
67
Q

What are lambda granules?

A

-lysosomes

68
Q

What are Delta Granules?

A

-contain ATP, ADP, PPi, 5-HT, & calcium

69
Q

What are Alpha granules?

A

-contain fibrinogen and other platelet recruiting factors

70
Q

What does the open canalicular system do for platelets?

A
  • provides a large surface area onto which granules can fuse

- consist of invaginations of the plasma membrane deep into the platelet

71
Q

What does the dense tubular system do for the platelet?

A

-Stores Ca2+ ions

72
Q

What are the major roles of platelets in clotting?

A
  • primary aggregation
  • secondary aggregation
  • blood coagulation
73
Q

What is clot retraction?

A

-clot bulging into the blood vessel lumen contracts due to the interaction of platelet actin and myosin

74
Q

What are the two systems of membrane channels in platelets?

A
  • Open canalicular system

- Dense tubular system

Histology Term 1 (15 decks)

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