perceptual errors Flashcards
spacial orientation uses
vision
vestibular equilibrium
proprioception
hearing
misperception
massive role in flight safety
very persuasive
leads to spatial disorientation
2 routes when perceiving & making decisions before taking actions
1: when manual flying actions taken before consciously known and instant feedback
2: when making operational decisions you consider all the info available before taking action
3 types of illusions
visual
auditory
kinaesthetic (proprioceptive)
illusion
difference from what you perceive and what is true
main factors for visual illusions
shape constancy
size constancy
arial perspective
auto-kinesis (auto kinetic illusion)- stare at point for long time and everything else moves
vertical false horizons- eg sloped ground or sloped clouds
up & down slope illusions on approach
up slope- perceive to be high, pitch down, realise and undershoot or come in too flat
down slope- perceive to be low, pitch up, realise, steep & overshoot, early flare
narrow and wide runway illusion
narrow- perceive to be high, pitch down, realise and undershoot or Coe in too flat
wide- perceive to be low, pitch up, realise, steep & overshoot, early flare
black hole effect
lights very bright when surrounded by nothing
think you’re too close
pitch down
shallow approach, undershoot
weather conditions illusions
haze or fog- reduces detail so think we are further away tendency to be high on approach
rain on windscreen- refraction- runway looks lower- pitch down then have flat approach
daytime- rain makes us appear slow- thrust - increase LD
night - rain makes us appear fast- reduce thrust- stall
perceptual set
way we perceive things based on expectations
perceive some parts but may ignore others
affected heavily by past experience
motivation plays part
based around expectancy bias
kindastethic illusions
proprioceptors detect joint position- contribute to kindastethic
known as seat of your pants
very unreliable
e.g could think you’re upright even if you’re upside down
vestibular illusions: linear acceleration
somotogravic illusion
acceleration- hairs forced back and so is liquid. same way it would if tilted head back
illusion of pitch up- may want to pitch down, terrain, other aircraft may be a danger
vestibular illusions: angular accelerations
somatogyral illusion (the leans) occurs when: turn so gentle recovery doesn't have stimuli above sensory threshold turn is so prolonged that the liquid & hairs stabilise so when turning out feels hairs move again and you think you're moving so the pilot corrects back even though you've rolled level worst case can lead to graveyard spin- pilot attempts to recover from a spin re enters the spin
vestibular illusions: Coriolis illusion
most dangerous vestibular illusion
caused by sudden head movements when manoeuvring
become disorientated when we stimulate more than one canal at a time
mixed sensation
don’t know what aircraft is doing and lose control
can cause vertigo
§vestibular illusions: vertigo
disorientation, dizziness cause by Coriolis and many other things
flicker vertigo- caused by certain light conditions, ie, sun through a prop, aircraft lights shining off cloud. similar to epilepsy
auditory illusions
hear something that’s not there or different to what’s been said
avoid / recover from illusions
pre flight planning comprehensive briefings keep good cross check of instruments look to horizon minimise head movements co-ordinate with crew follow SOPs
mid air collisions
head to head- aircraft look very small and far away until very last second
due to the saccade of the eye
aircraft that are not collision risk will move across fuel of view and easy to see
both turn right to avoid
motion sickness
occurs when a mismatch between visual, proprioceptive and vestibular systems
brain confused and leads to sickness, may think you have poisoning - vomiting
can be triggered by vibration
motion sickness symptoms
pale skin cold sweat dizziness increase in saliva nausea & vomiting restlessness apathy - lack of care/ interest headache
motion sickness treatment
close eyes or focus elsewhere (horizon) minimise head movements get fresh air stay calm & relaxed avoid alcohol & heat, gassy meals
