Hazards of aviation

Question 1

3 types of acceleration

Answer 1

linear
radial
angular - has most physiological effects

Question 2

3 G force planes

Answer 2

Gy side to side
Gx forward and aft
Gz vertical- going up we get +ve Gz

Question 3

+ve Gz effects

Answer 3

blood pushed down
increased hydrostatic pressure variation
drop in blood pressure
increased body weight- limbs hard to move
3-4g organs forced down- lower face pulled down
3.5g grey out and tunnel vision
5g G-loc(gravity induced loss of consciousness)

Question 4

-ve Gz effects

Answer 4

blood to head
hydrostatic pressure variation decreases
blood pressure increase
organs forced up
facial pain
breathing difficulty
-2g- severe headache, nose bleed, eyelids swell and pushed up
-3g - eyes bleed as vessels burst, red out
-4g - unconsciousness
-5g - risk of losing eyeballs and death

Question 5

increasing G tolerance

Answer 5

greater pressure we can put in lower body, stop too much blood moving there 
body position 
straining 
shouting 
tensing leg muscles
anti-G suit

Question 6

Barotrauma

Answer 6

pain related to pressure

Question 7

4 main types of barotrauma?

Answer 7

otic
sinus
aerodontalgia(teeth)
gastrointestinal

Question 8

otic barotrauma

Answer 8

pain due to pressure in the ears
eustation tube maintains balance in ears between outer and middle if blocked unequal pressure can cause pain
worse in descent
increased with cold/ infection

Question 9

otic barotrauma may cause:

Answer 9

pain in temples 
temporary deafness
pressure vertigo
tinnitus
rupture/ bleeding eardrum 
deafness

Question 10

to clear eustation tube:

Answer 10

valsavan manoeuvre- hold nose and breath down through it
frenzel manoeuvre- stifling a sneeze
yawn
move lower jaw

after this- if still in pain descend to 10000ft or MSA
then still painful land ASAP, seek medical attention

Question 11

sinus barotrauma

Answer 11

4 sinus' in skull- filled with air 
pain in/around temple
can incapacitate pilot and cause:
fainting
watering of eyes
nose bleed

just as bad in descent or climb
treatment: return to alt where pain started, land ASAP but descend gradually

Question 12

gastro intestinal barotrauma

Answer 12

gas expanding in small intestine as climb 
discomfort & pain
reduced by:
avoiding gassy food 
eating slowly
small portions
not using chewing gum

relieved by relieving the gas

Question 13

aero dontalgia barotrauma

Answer 13

gas pockets form in old or poor fillings or abscesses

most common in climb, as gas expands and causes sever pain

Question 14

toxic materials

Answer 14

fuels, lubricants and propellants: wash hands with warm water 
burning furnishings and bags- black smoke, worst thing to be on fire 
anti ice 
extinguisher agents
released when burning: 
carbon monoxide
hydrogen cyanide
hydrogen chloride

Question 15

Ozone

Answer 15

above 40000ft
ozone partly destroyed by heat of engine 
can get ozone remover but heavy & expensive 
symptoms:
dry throat 
dry eyes 
dry nose 
coughing 
headache 
breathing difficulty

Question 16

galactic radiation

Answer 16

outside solar system
predictable & steady
high energy particles
more protection at equator than at the poles
damage cells causing cancer and poss birth defects

Question 17

solar radiation

Answer 17

from sun, especially solar flares 
can reduce amount of galactic radiation 
intense & unpredictable 
lower energy particles 
can cause skin cancer 
affects CNS