Cardiovascular system

Question 1

vasoconstriction

Answer 1

vessels near outer of body constrict when cold to reduce heat loss

Question 2

vasodilation

Answer 2

vessels dilate when too hot to try to dissipate heat

Question 3

pulmonary system

Answer 3

heart and lungs
deoxygenated blood oxygenated at lungs and taken back to heart
pulmonary artery- heart to lungs only de oxygenated artery
pulmonary vein- only vein carrying oxygenated blood

Question 4

systemic system

Answer 4

heart to rest of the body

Question 5

types of cells in blood

Answer 5

red- hemoglobin oxygen carrying
white - produce antibodies
platelets - assist in blood clotting
plasma - fluid, carries waste, maintains acidity

Question 6

artories

Answer 6

high pressure
away from heart
thick muscular wall
carry oxygenated

Question 7

veins

Answer 7

deoxygenated
back to heart
low pressure
valves stop blood going wrong way

Question 8

capillaries

Answer 8

thin wall 1 cell thick
diffusion takes place- gas and nutrients exchanged
very low pressure

Question 9

Anemia

Answer 9

iron deficiency
leads to reduction in red blood cells and haemoglobin
caused by blood loss
give fatigue

Question 10

blood donating

Answer 10

seek prior advice
drink plenty of fluids
lie on back for 15-30 mins afterwards
wait 24hours before next duty time

Question 11

internal respiration

Answer 11

takes place in the cells - energy released from food (metabolism) CO2 and water waste product(carbonic acid)

Question 12

carbonic acid

Answer 12

decides ph of blood
waste product of internal respiration
if acidity levels change due to carbonic acid breathing rate is adjusted (homeostasis)

Question 13

heart

Answer 13

R&L atrium - entry points for ventricles, weak pumps
R&L ventricles - main pumps- propel blood to rest of body
right - to lungs
left- to body

Question 14

pulse rate

Answer 14

avg rest 75-80
number of contractions of ventricles per min and controlled by CNS
affected by:
adrenaline
exercise
eating
pain
age 
body temp
gender
low blood press= higher pulse
emotion

Question 15

cardiac output

Answer 15

amount of blood pumped in one minute, 5-5.5L
stroke volume x pulse rate
stroke volume= blood pumped in one contraction approx- 70ml

Question 16

blood pressure

Answer 16

systolic pressure- when heart muscles contracting- 120
diastole- when muscles relaxed - 80
normal - 80/120
hypertension - 140/90
hypotension 90/60

Question 17

hypertension

Answer 17

140/90
main cause of stroke
main causes:age, genetics, obesity, smoking, diet, lack of exercise
symptoms: palpitations, short breath, pale skin, angina, headaches

Question 18

hypotension

Answer 18

90/60
lethargy , dizziness, fainting, stagnation in blood and coma
caused by shock or bleeding

Question 19

barro recepter (pressorecepter)

Answer 19

regulate pressure
main one in carotid synus
hypertension- reduce pulse & relax vessels
opp for hypo

Question 20

coronary heart disease

Answer 20

cause heart attacks
fat in tubes around heart
reduce by: exercise 3 times a week at double heart rate

Question 21

carbon monoxide

Answer 21

produced by incomplete combustion
haemoglobin prefers CO- combines 210-250 time more with it than oxygen
odourless and colourless
headache first symptom
other: lethargy, tightness in head, flushed cherry skin, nausea, impaired vision, short breath

always use fresh air with cabin air
altitude exacerbates effects

Question 22

carbon monoxide treatment

Answer 22

turn off cabin heat 
stop smoking 
take O2
increase fresh air 
land ASAP
leaner fuel

Question 23

carbon monoxide susceptibility

Answer 23

altitude, smoking, age, obesity, general state of health

aircraft equipped with CO detectors
check regularly