Human factors and the aviation industry

Question 1

Frequency of accidents

Answer 1

1 in 1.2 million flights

Question 2

what percentage of accidents are caused by human factors?

Answer 2

70-80%

Question 3

which phase of flight is most dangerous?

Answer 3

intermediate and final approach followed by the landing and then take off

Question 4

3 pilot competency skills?

Answer 4

skill
knowledge
atitude

Question 5

8 core competencies are?

Answer 5

communication
aircraft flight path management- manual control
aircraft flight path management- automatic control
leadership and teamwork
problem solving and decision making 
application of procedures 
workload management 
situational awareness

Question 6

closed safety culture

Answer 6

blame given

reluctant to release info regarding accidents

Question 7

open safety culture

Answer 7

no blame
open about mistakes so others learn
accidents reviewed

Question 8

James reasons 5 things for a good culture?

Answer 8

informed culture
reporting culture
learning culture
flexible culture
just culture

Question 9

SHELL model

Answer 9

software - non physical things
hardware - equipment 
environment - inside and outside climate 
liveware - human element
liveware

Question 10

Liveware - liveware

Answer 10

human interaction
possible miscommunication
staff relationships

Question 11

liveware - software

Answer 11

non physical
how charts, SOPs etc interpreted
mode error- not recognising in wrong mode

Question 12

liveware- hardware

Answer 12

physical
how we interact with design of aircraft
position and design of levers standardised
things operating with natural senses

Question 13

liveware - environment

Answer 13

inside and outside climate
eg. too hot or cold,traffic ,terrain
company putting you under stress for quick turn around etc or fatigue from rostering

Question 14

Swiss cheese model

Answer 14

each slice a defence
each hole is a weakness or limitation(active or latent), multiple lead to a failure
using defences can prevent accident

Question 15

Active failure

Answer 15

short lived
directly linked to accident
poor airmanship by crew

Question 16

Latent failure

Answer 16

been dormant for some time
poor management
crew unaware of them

Question 17

TEM

Answer 17

process of detecting and responding to threats and errors , with countermeasures to reduce or limit the consequences

Question 18

threat

Answer 18

out of influence of flight crew
must be managed by crew
2 types: environmental & organisational
may also b latent threat

Question 19

error

Answer 19

influenced by crew action or inaction
deviations from intentions and expectations
3 types: aircraft handling error, procedural error, communications error

Question 20

undesired aircraft state

Answer 20

unable to avoid, trap or mitigate threats and errors

3 categories: aircraft handling, ground navigation, incorrect aircraft configuration

Question 21

systemic based TEM countermeasures

Answer 21

systems in aircraft
warnings and alarms: TCAS, GPWS
SOPs

Question 22

individual and team TEM countermeasures

Answer 22

planning and anticipating:
SOP brief
plans stated
work load assignment 
contingency management 

review countermeasures:
evaluation & modification of plan
enquiry
assertives

Question 23

TEM management; 3 lines of defence?

Answer 23

avoid (primary) 70% of flight
trap
mitigate

Question 24

safety management systems 4 components are?

Answer 24

safety and policy objectives
safety assurances
safety promotions
safety risk management