perception 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

how do we localise sound?

A

binaural and monaural cues

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2
Q

what is azimuth?

A

left right plane

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3
Q

what is elevation?

A

up down plane

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4
Q

what are binaural cues?

A

comparison of signals in left/right ears
signal location of sound in azimuth

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5
Q

what are monaural cues?

A

work with one ear
localise the elevation and distance of sound

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6
Q

what are interaural time differences?

A

relative time at which a sound arrives at the two ears

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7
Q

what are interaural time differences affected by?

A

its location in azimuth
if straight ahead= distance to each ear is the same, no difference in time
if positioned to one side- reaches nearer ear first

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8
Q

what does the range of interaural time differences depend on?

A

speed of sound
distance between the two ears

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9
Q

what is the maximum interaural time difference for humans?

A

600us

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10
Q

what do interaural time differences require?

A

precise signalling of timing

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11
Q

what type of sounds are interaural time differences most useful for?

A

low frequency or abrupt onset sounds

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12
Q

what are interaural level differences?

A

relative sound pressure reaching two ears depends on location of sound in azimuth

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13
Q

why do interaural level differences impact a reduction in sound?

A

reduced sound for far ear due to head for high frequency sounds

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14
Q

where does binaural processing begin?

A

within the brainstem in the superior olive

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15
Q

what does the lateral superior olive contain?

A

neurons that are sensitive to ILDs

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16
Q

what does the medial superior olive contain?

A

neurons that are sensitive to ITDs

17
Q

which binaural cue is best for low frequency sounds?

A

ITDs

18
Q

which binaural cue is best for high frequency sounds?

A

ILDs

19
Q

what are the limitations of binaural cues?

A

only provide ambiguous information about elevation
don’t tell us about distance
there are points which produce identical ITDs and ILDs= cone of confusion

20
Q

what are monaural localisation cues- elevation?

A

when sound reflects off the external ear(pinnae), the relative intensity of different frequency sound waves change with elevation
this is affected by individual’s ear shapes

21
Q

what are two monaural localisation cues for distance?

A

relative intensity
reverberation

22
Q

what is relative intensity?

A

sound intensity decreases with distance
further distance= weaker amplitude

23
Q

what is reverberation?

A

multiple reflections combine to produce a persistence of sound
sound reflecting off an object provides a cue for distance- as it alters the intensity and timing

24
Q

what is the precedence effect?

A

similar sounds arriving in quick succession from different locations are localised according to the direction of the first sound
for a short delay, only a single sound perceived

25
Q

what is auditory scene analysis?

A

need to segregate components of sound from different sources
need to group components coming from the same sound source

26
Q

what is spectral grouping?

A

combining different frequency sound components that occur at the same time
-if a sound has a different harmony will be heard separately
-frequency components that change together group together

27
Q

what is sequential grouping?

A

combining sequences of sound over time

28
Q

what is auditory stream segregation?

A

organising sounds over time into separate perceptual events

29
Q

what is sequential grouping: similarity of pitch?

A

sounds with similar pitch are often produced by the same source
increasing the frequency difference promotes stream segregation

30
Q

what is sequential grouping: temporal proximity?

A

sounds that occur in rapid progression tend to be produced by the same source
increasing presentation rate promotes stream segregation

31
Q

what is sequential grouping: similarity of timbre?

A

sound sources often have distinct tembre which provides a cue for stream segregation

32
Q

what is sequential grouping: continuity?

A

sounds that stay constant or change smoothly are often produced by the same source
perceived as continuous even when interrupted by noise

33
Q

what is phonemic restoration?

A

sequential grouping continuity can occur with speech as well as tones