language 1

Question 1

which methods are used to study word recognition?

Answer 1

eye tracking
lexical decision task
naming task

Question 2

what is eye tracking?

Answer 2

measure how long people spend looking at a word when reading

Question 3

what is a lexical decision task?

Answer 3

measure how long people take to indicate that a string of letters is a word or not

Question 4

what is a naming task?

Answer 4

measure how long people take to start saying a word

Question 5

what is a lexical decision task often used with?

Answer 5

priming

Question 6

what happens in an eye tracking experiment?

Answer 6

participant reads words from a computer screen
camera monitors which words they look at
spending lots of time looking at a word= difficult recognition
spending a short time/skipping a word= easy recognition

Question 7

what happens in a lexical decision task?

Answer 7

presented with a series of letter strings on a computer screen
asked to identify if the letters they are presented with form a word
longer it took= more difficult to recognise

Question 8

what happens in a naming task?

Answer 8

presented with a word
told to pronounce as quickly as possible without stuttering/mispronouncing
to analyse the data- saw if a word was correctly pronounced or if an error occurred

Question 9

what factors affect word recognition?

Answer 9

word frequency
predictability
neighbourhood effects

Question 10

what is word frequency?

Answer 10

commonly used words are recognised more easily than infrequent words
high frequency words are words which we encounter often

Question 11

who investigated word frequency?

Answer 11

Schilling, Rayner and Chumbley

Question 12

what happened in the word frequency experiment? (Schilling, Rayner and Chumbley)

Answer 12

used eye tracking for words presented in context
looked at how long readers spent looking at high/low frequency words

Question 13

what is predictability?

Answer 13

predictable words are recognised more easily than those in neutral or misleading contexts
context in which a word appears in affects how easy it is to recognise

Question 14

who researched predictability?

Answer 14

Tulving and Gold

Question 15

what happened in predictability experiments? (Tulving and Gold)

Answer 15

participants read an incomplete sentecne
then had to recognise a single word
may be predictable or unrelated depending on the context of the sentence
measured the exposure time necessary for recognition
increasing relevant context reduced the amount of time needed for participants to recognise the target word

Question 16

what are neighbourhood effects?

Answer 16

word identification can be sped up when similar words exist in the language

Question 17

what is the orthographic neighbourhood?

Answer 17

number of words which can be formed by changing one letter of a word whilst maintaining letter position (word spelling)
eg) for tank- ‘task’ and ‘rank’

Question 18

what is the effect of the orthographic neighbourhood?

Answer 18

recognition is faster for words from large neighbourhoods

Question 19

what is the phonological neighbourhood?

Answer 19

number of words that can be formed by changing one phoneme of a word
relates to the sound of words
eg) for ‘gait’- ‘bait’ and ‘get’

Question 20

what is the effect of the phonological neighbourhood?

Answer 20

words with more phonological neighbours are more easily recognised

Question 21

what is priming?

Answer 21

participant primed with a certain stimulus before the task has to be performed

Question 22

who proposed the Logogen model?

Answer 22

Morton

Question 23

what are logogens?

Answer 23

word detectors

Question 24

what needs to be met for a logogen before it fires?

Answer 24

activation threshold

Question 25

what are logogens activated by?

Answer 25

sensory input or contextual information

Question 26

how does the Logogen model work?

Answer 26

activated by sensory input/contextual information perceivers have many recognition units, which can recognise specific words, and information about its sound and meaning incoming signal presented to logogens- those match the incoming information are raised in activation activation increases until the activation level is reached= fires word is recognised an information about the word becomes available

Question 27

how does frequency affect logogens?

Answer 27

high frequency words have a lower threshold for firing, so are recognised more quickly

Question 28

how does predictability affect word recognition?

Answer 28

semantic information from a sentence partially activates logogens, which lowers their threshold decreases the amount of information needed from the word itself to fire the logogen can be used to explain semantic priming effects

Question 29

who investigated the word superiority effect?

Answer 29

Reicher

Question 30

what happened in the word superiority effect experiment?

Answer 30

condition 1 '___K' condition 2 'WORK' didn't know which letter would be tested asked if they saw K or D

Question 31

what were the results of the word superiority effect?

Answer 31

improvement in performance for the whole word compared to the single letter suggests it is easier to identify a letter in the context of a word than in isolation

Question 32

who suggested the interactive activation model?

Answer 32

McClelland and Rumelhart

Question 33

what is the interactive activation model?

Answer 33

consists of a stimulus, then three levels of detectors >feature detectors >letter detector level >word level detector

Question 34

what are feature detectors?

Answer 34

detect features of a letter, such as vertical or horizontal lines

Question 35

what is the letter detector level?

Answer 35

letters containing the activated features become activated

Question 36

what is the word level detector level?

Answer 36

activates words beginning with the same letter

Question 37

what are the two types of connections in the interactive activation model?

Answer 37

excitatory inhibitory

Question 38

how do connections work in the interactive activation model?

Answer 38

all levels are interconnected and influence eachother connections run in both directions- evolves towards a state of activation where everything is constant

Question 39

how do connections work in the interactive activation model?

Answer 39

all levels are interconnected and influence eachother connections run in both directions- evolves towards a state of activation where everything is constant

Question 40

how do connections work in the interactive activation model?

Answer 40

all levels are interconnected and influence eachother connections run in both directions- evolves towards a state of activation where everything is constant rules out any words which it cannot be (problem if words are mispelt)

Question 41

how does transposed letter priming differ to the interactive activation model?

Answer 41

interactive activation model- suggests we cannot recognise mispelt words- words with two letters switched should be as difficult to recognise as words with incorrect letters in them

Question 42

what is a transposed letter prime?

Answer 42

nonword prime constructed by transposing two adjacent word-internal letters eg) jugde found to be easier than junpe (with unrelated letters)

Question 43

what is the dual route model made up of?

Answer 43

direct route and indirect route

Question 44

what is the direct route?

Answer 44

connects the visually presented word to the whole word's mental lexicon reader can directly access the word then pronounce it used for high frequency or familiar words

Question 45

what is the phonological route?

Answer 45

indirect route generate pronunciation of words based on their written form use grapheme to phoneme conversion rules used for reading low frequency words/non words

Question 46

what is phonological dyslexia?

Answer 46

difficulty reading non words selective deficity in the phonological route impaired grapheme to phoneme conversion rules

Question 47

what is surface dyslexia?

Answer 47

difficulty reading irregular words deficit in the lexical route