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cognitive psych content > perception 2 > Flashcards

perception 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is visible light?

A

band of energy in electromagnetic spectrum

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2
Q

what are the different wavelengths of light?

A

400-700nm

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3
Q

what are the different wavelengths of light associated with?

A

different colour perceptions

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4
Q

what does light consist of?

A

photons

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5
Q

what is luminance?

A

number of photons in space, associated with brightness perception

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6
Q

what is absorption?

A

photons collide with particles of matter

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7
Q

what is reflection?

A

light strikes opaque surfaces

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8
Q

what is transmission?

A

light passes through transparent matter

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9
Q

what does the eye use to project an image onto the retina?

A

convex cornea and lens

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10
Q

what do photoreceptors do?

A

transform light into an electrical potential

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11
Q

how do light signals leave the eye?

A

flow through neurons to retinal ganglion cells
then out of eye via optic nerve

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12
Q

where are rods located?

A

in the peripheral retina

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13
Q

where are cones located?

A

centre of retina (fovea)

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14
Q

which can operate in low light- rods or cones?

A

rods

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15
Q

why are rods sensitive to light?

A

many rods join to one neurone, so many weak generator potentials combine to reach the threshold

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16
Q

why are cones less sensitive to light?

A

one cone joins to one neurone, so it takes more light to reach the threshold and trigger an action potential

17
Q

why do rods have low visual acuity?

A

many rods join to the same neurone, so lights from two points close together can’t be told apart

18
Q

why do cones have high visual acuity?

A

one cone joins one neurone, so the brain receives separate action potentials for each form of light

19
Q

how many photopigments do cones have?

A

3

20
Q

what are the different photopigments in cones sensitive to?

A

short
medium
long
wavelengths of light

21
Q

what is the visual pathway from the retina to the brain?

A

retina
optic nerve
optic chiasm (optic nerves cross)
LGN
primary visual cortex (receives and integrates visual info)

22
Q

what is bottom up brightness perception?

A

responses to brightness are caused by processes within the retina

23
Q

what is top down brightness perception?

A

brain uses knowledge about how light interacts with objects to determine perceived brightness

24
Q

what is light/dark adaptation?

A

sensitivity of retina constantly adjusts to compensate for changes in luminance

increases when low, decreases when high

25
Q

what does light/dark adaptation mean the retina encodes?

A

contrast=
ratio of object’s luminance relative to the background luminance

26
Q

what is lateral inhibition?

A

information processing in retina

retinal ganglion cells receive excitatory and inhibitory input from neighbouring photoreceptors

27
Q

what is the influence of lateral inhibition?

A

makes visual system sensitive to changes in luminance

this helps detect the edges of objects

affects perceived brightness

28
Q

what photopigment do rods contain?

A

rhodopsin

29
Q

which photopigments can cones contain?

A

S cones
M cones
L cones

30
Q

what are S cones?

A

blue cones, sensitive to short wavelengths

31
Q

what are M cones?

A

green cones, sensitive to middle wavelengths

32
Q

what are L cones?

A

red cones, sensitive to long wavelengths

33
Q

what are the three photopigments in cones known as?

A

trichromacy

34
Q

what is monochromacy?

A

individuals have 0/1 functioning cone types

35
Q

what is dichromacy?

A

individuals have 2 functioning cone types

36
Q

what is anomalous trichromacy?

A

individuals have a defect in one of three cone types

37
Q

what is colour opponency?

A

retinal ganglion cells receive excitatory or inhibitory input from different cone types

=red/green and blue/yellow pathways

demonstrated using negative afterimages

38
Q

what is colour perception?

A

top down

tendency for the perceived colour of objects to remain the same, even if the lighting changes

cognitive psych content (18 decks)

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