cognition and emotion 2

Question 1

what is the cognition emotion debate?

Answer 1

seeing whether affect requires cognition

Question 2

how can we argue affect doesn’t require cognition?

Answer 2

separate systems
cognitive processes unnecessary to produce an effective response to a stimulus
emotion precedes cognition

Question 3

how does the mere exposure effect support evidence against the cognition emotion debate?

Answer 3

presented images subconsciously to participants
had to make preference judgements to seen stimuli above new stimuli
gave higher liking ratings to previously ‘seen’ stimuli
suggests an emotional response despite no cognitive processing

Question 4

how does a priming experiment support evidence against the cognition emotion debate?

Answer 4

shown a prime stimulus for 4ms/1s/no prime

then shown a second stimulus (Chinese symbol)

rated likeability

ratings of likeability were influenced by affective/emotional primes

Question 5

what evidence supports the idea that affect requires cognition?

Answer 5

participants were shown anxiety evoking films

shown with no soundtrack/trauma narrative/denial narrative/scientific narrative

measured arousal via pulse whilst viewing

denial and scientific narratives resulted in the least anxiety

so manipulating appraisals influenced the emotional experience

Question 6

what are cognitive appraisals?

Answer 6

intepretation of a situation that helps detemine the nature and intensity of the emotional response

Question 7

what is the order of cognitive appraisals?

Answer 7

primary appraisal
secondary appraisal
reappraisal

Question 8

what is a primary appraisal?

Answer 8

identifying the stimulus/situation to see if there is a threat to personal wellbeing

Question 9

what is secondary appraisal?

Answer 9

see what personal resources we have to cope with the situation

Question 10

what are reappraisals?

Answer 10

monitoring primary and secondary appraisals, and modify if necessary

Question 11

who proposed the 6 appraisal components?

Answer 11

Smith and Lazarus

Question 12

what are the 6 appraisal components?

Answer 12

motivational relevance
motivational congruence
accountability
problem focused coping potential
emotion focused coping potential
future expectancy

Question 13

what are the two primary appraisals?

Answer 13

motivational relevance
motivational congruence

Question 14

what are the four secondary appraisals?

Answer 14

accountability
problem focused coping potential
emotion focused coping potential
future expectancy

Question 15

what is motivational relevance?

Answer 15

how it relates to personal commitments

Question 16

what is motivational congruence?

Answer 16

how something is consistent with goals

Question 17

what is accountability?

Answer 17

who deserves the credit/blame

Question 18

what is problem focused coping potential?

Answer 18

can the situation be resolved

Question 19

what is emotion focused coping potential?

Answer 19

can the situation be handled psychologically

Question 20

what is future expectancy?

Answer 20

how likely is it that the situation will change

Question 21

what are two types of cognitive biases?

Answer 21

attention bias
interpretative bias

Question 22

what is attention bias?

Answer 22

selective attention to emotionally related stimuli presented at the same time as neutral ones

Question 23

what is interpretative bias?

Answer 23

tendency to interpret a situation or ambiguous stimuli in a negative way

Question 24

what happens in the stroop test?

Answer 24

measures attention to word meanings by looking at how the word meaning interferes with colour meaning?

Question 25

what happens on the normal stroop?

Answer 25

shown the names of colours in congruent or incongruent ink, and asked to report the colour of the ink

Question 26

what happens on the emotional stroop?

Answer 26

shown emotional and neutral words in different colour inks
asked to name the colour of the ink
high anxiety participants show larger interference on the emotional stroop

Question 27

what happened in the emotional stroop and faces?

Answer 27

instead of emotional words, use coloured faces expressing emotions
presented angry and neutral coloured faces
had to ignore the face itself and name its colour
colour naming was slower for angry faces- captures attention

Question 28

what happens in the dot probe task?

Answer 28

emotional and neutral information presented side by side to anxious patients and controls

examined speed of responses when dot presented in a location previously occupied by neutral or emotional stimuli

faster for neutral, but reverse true for anxious patients (allocate attention to threat)

Question 29

what happened in interpretative bias?

Answer 29

homonym task= presented homophones auditorily

participants had to write down the words

high trait anxiety patients wrote more threat related spellings

Question 30

what happened in the priming lexical decision task?

Answer 30

if prime and word are related in meaning, resulted in a faster response

greater priming effect for target words related in meaning to the negative intepretation of the prime for high anxiety participants

intepretative bias show by high anxiety participants

Question 31

how do we detect emotional expressions?

Answer 31

faces have priority for detection compared to non-face

Question 32

what happened in the visual search paradigm?

Answer 32

search display has targets and distracters

had to search for a target and respond whether it is present

measured reaction time and accuracy

varied the size of the search display/added more distractors

Question 33

what is target popout for the visual search paradigm?

Answer 33

if detection times for target vary as a function of set size= serial= search for one target at a time and stops when target is found

if detection times for target don’t vary as a function of set size= parallel= target pop out

Question 34

why is it important to detect threatening faces?

Answer 34

evolutionary adaptive for us to detect threat quickly and automatically

visual threat related stimuli should be detected faster than non-threatening stimuli

Question 35

what is the face in the crowd effect?

Answer 35

if detection of threat is fast/automatic, we may expect threatening objects to be rapidly detected in cluttered scenes

Question 36

how was the face in the crowd effect investigated?

Answer 36

showed participants a grid of 9 faces
showed angry, happy or neutral expressions

suggested to be an anger superiority effect
less time to locate angry face amongst happy than vice versa

suggests angry faces ‘pop out’- however this could be due to these stimuli themselves rather than in general