cognition and emotion 2 Flashcards
what is the cognition emotion debate?
seeing whether affect requires cognition
how can we argue affect doesn’t require cognition?
separate systems
cognitive processes unnecessary to produce an effective response to a stimulus
emotion precedes cognition
how does the mere exposure effect support evidence against the cognition emotion debate?
presented images subconsciously to participants
had to make preference judgements to seen stimuli above new stimuli
gave higher liking ratings to previously ‘seen’ stimuli
suggests an emotional response despite no cognitive processing
how does a priming experiment support evidence against the cognition emotion debate?
shown a prime stimulus for 4ms/1s/no prime
then shown a second stimulus (Chinese symbol)
rated likeability
ratings of likeability were influenced by affective/emotional primes
what evidence supports the idea that affect requires cognition?
participants were shown anxiety evoking films
shown with no soundtrack/trauma narrative/denial narrative/scientific narrative
measured arousal via pulse whilst viewing
denial and scientific narratives resulted in the least anxiety
so manipulating appraisals influenced the emotional experience
what are cognitive appraisals?
intepretation of a situation that helps detemine the nature and intensity of the emotional response
what is the order of cognitive appraisals?
primary appraisal
secondary appraisal
reappraisal
what is a primary appraisal?
identifying the stimulus/situation to see if there is a threat to personal wellbeing
what is secondary appraisal?
see what personal resources we have to cope with the situation
what are reappraisals?
monitoring primary and secondary appraisals, and modify if necessary
who proposed the 6 appraisal components?
Smith and Lazarus
what are the 6 appraisal components?
motivational relevance
motivational congruence
accountability
problem focused coping potential
emotion focused coping potential
future expectancy
what are the two primary appraisals?
motivational relevance
motivational congruence
what are the four secondary appraisals?
accountability
problem focused coping potential
emotion focused coping potential
future expectancy
what is motivational relevance?
how it relates to personal commitments
what is motivational congruence?
how something is consistent with goals
what is accountability?
who deserves the credit/blame
what is problem focused coping potential?
can the situation be resolved
what is emotion focused coping potential?
can the situation be handled psychologically
what is future expectancy?
how likely is it that the situation will change
what are two types of cognitive biases?
attention bias
interpretative bias
what is attention bias?
selective attention to emotionally related stimuli presented at the same time as neutral ones
what is interpretative bias?
tendency to interpret a situation or ambiguous stimuli in a negative way
what happens in the stroop test?
measures attention to word meanings by looking at how the word meaning interferes with colour meaning?
what happens on the normal stroop?
shown the names of colours in congruent or incongruent ink, and asked to report the colour of the ink
what happens on the emotional stroop?
shown emotional and neutral words in different colour inks
asked to name the colour of the ink
high anxiety participants show larger interference on the emotional stroop
what happened in the emotional stroop and faces?
instead of emotional words, use coloured faces expressing emotions
presented angry and neutral coloured faces
had to ignore the face itself and name its colour
colour naming was slower for angry faces- captures attention
what happens in the dot probe task?
emotional and neutral information presented side by side to anxious patients and controls
examined speed of responses when dot presented in a location previously occupied by neutral or emotional stimuli
faster for neutral, but reverse true for anxious patients (allocate attention to threat)
what happened in interpretative bias?
homonym task= presented homophones auditorily
participants had to write down the words
high trait anxiety patients wrote more threat related spellings
what happened in the priming lexical decision task?
if prime and word are related in meaning, resulted in a faster response
greater priming effect for target words related in meaning to the negative intepretation of the prime for high anxiety participants
intepretative bias show by high anxiety participants
how do we detect emotional expressions?
faces have priority for detection compared to non-face
what happened in the visual search paradigm?
search display has targets and distracters
had to search for a target and respond whether it is present
measured reaction time and accuracy
varied the size of the search display/added more distractors
what is target popout for the visual search paradigm?
if detection times for target vary as a function of set size= serial= search for one target at a time and stops when target is found
if detection times for target don’t vary as a function of set size= parallel= target pop out
why is it important to detect threatening faces?
evolutionary adaptive for us to detect threat quickly and automatically
visual threat related stimuli should be detected faster than non-threatening stimuli
what is the face in the crowd effect?
if detection of threat is fast/automatic, we may expect threatening objects to be rapidly detected in cluttered scenes
how was the face in the crowd effect investigated?
showed participants a grid of 9 faces
showed angry, happy or neutral expressions
suggested to be an anger superiority effect
less time to locate angry face amongst happy than vice versa
suggests angry faces ‘pop out’- however this could be due to these stimuli themselves rather than in general
