language and reading 3 Flashcards
what are logical inferences?
only depend on the meaning of words
what are bridging inferences?
establish coherence between the current part of the text and preceding text
what are elaborative inferences?
embellish or add details to the text by making use of our world knowledge
what is the constructionist approach to understanding text?
readers typically construct a relatively complete ‘mental model’ of the situation and events referred to in the text
who proposed the constructionist approach?
Bransford, Barclay and Franks
what is an implication of the constructionist approach?
numerous elaborative inferences are drawn while reading
what happened in Bransford, Barclay and Franks’ study?
participants were told
‘Three turtles rested on a floating log, and a fish swam beneath them.’
then given a test sentence
‘Three turtles rested on a floating log, and a fish swam beneath it.’
participants thought that these sentences were the same, suggesting that they inferred the fish swam under the log
who provided supporting research for the constructionist approach?
Bransford, Barclay and Franks
who provided evidence against the constructionist approach?
Dooling and Christiaansen
what happened in Dooling and Christiaansen’s study?
participants read a story about a ruthless dictator
one week later, given a test of recognition memory
just before this, they were told the story was actually about Adolf Hitler
findings showed that participants mistakenly recognised sentences relevant to Hitler that had not appeared in the original story
who proposed the minimalist hypothesis?
Mackoon and Ratcliff
what does the minimalist hypothesis suggest?
inferences are either automatic or strategic
what happens in automatic inferences?
some establish local coherence, others rely on information stated explicitly in the text
what happens in strategic inferences?
formed according to the reader’s goals
how was support found for the minimalist hypothesis?
one group was instructed to read a text for comprehension
another group was told to try and anticipate what might happen next
the text described a boy getting out his wallet after having dinner, and the target word was paid
had to say this word out loud as accurately and fast as possible
group 2 drew more elaborative inferences= number of inferences made by a reader are influenced by whether they have a goal when reading
who provided evidence against the minimalist hypothesis?
Poynor and Morris
what happened in Poynor and Morris’ evidence?
texts were compared where the goal of the main character was implicitly/explicitly stated
later on in the text, there was a sentence which either did or didn’t match the goal of the character
readers took longer to read the sentence for an inconsistent action, regardless of whether the goal was explicit or implicit
therefore the reader inferred the goal in both cases
who proposed the event indexing model?
Zwaan and Radvansky
what are the 5 dimensions in the event indexing model?
the protagonist
temporality
causality
spatiality
intentionality
what is the protagonist?
the central character/actor in the present even compared to the previous one
what is temporality?
the relationship between the times at which the present and previous events occured
what is causality?
the causal relationship of the current event and the previous one
what is spatiality?
the relationship between the spatial setting of the previous one
what is intentionality?
the relationship between the character’s goals and the present event
