perception 3 Flashcards
how do we perceive depth?
monocular and binocular cues
how do monocular cues work?
with one eye
how do binocular cues work?
need both eyes
what is the binocular cue?
disparity
how does relative height and size work?
need prior knowledge about the relative size of objects to judge distance
if two objects are physically equal in size- more distant one takes up less of your field of view
objects below the horizon with higher bases are typically seen as being more distant
how does occlusion work?
closer objects occlude further away ones
how does linear perspective work?
parallel lines extending away from the observer converge in the distance
how does texture gradient work?
textured elements get smaller and denser with distance
how does motion parallax work?
as we move, more distant objects glide past us slower than nearer objects
how do shadows/shading work?
adding shadows creates a strong perception of depth
what is stereoscopic vision?
our two eyes receive a slightly different image of the world
how does disparity work?
difference in image location of an object seen by left and right eyes
what does the size of disparity depend on?
an object’s depth
what is a horopoter?
set of points that project to corredsponding positions in the two retinas
when do objects have crossed disparities?
when objects are closer than the horopter
image lies further to the right from the left eye’s perspective
when do objects have uncrossed disparities?
when objects are further than the horopter
image lies further to the left from the right eye’s perspective
who proposed structuralism?
Wundt
what did structuralism suggest about object perception?
perceptions are the sum of ‘atoms’ of sensation
who came up with the Gestalt school?
Wertheimer, Kohler and Koffka
what did the Gestalt school suggest about perception?
the whole form is greater than the sum of its parts
what are the Gestalt principles of perceptual organisation?
elements in an image are grouped to create larger objects
how are objects grouped by proximity?
things that are close together group together
how are objects grouped by similarity?
things that are similar group together
how are objects grouped by common fate?
things that move together group together
how are objects grouped by continuation?
group elements to form smooth continuing lines rather than abrupt angles
how are objects grouped according to closure?
group elements to form complete figures, even if incomplete
how are objects grouped according to symmetry?
elements are more likely to be formed in groups that are balanced or symmetrical
what are the limitations of Gestalt principles?
some principles seem vague/imprecise
no coherent account of the underlying neural mechanisms
