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Cognitive Neuroscience > Perception 2 > Flashcards

Perception 2 Flashcards

Vision and Multimodal Perception

1
Q

What are the steps in the visual pathway?

A

Stimulus = light
1. Eye (remote sensation)
2. Lens inverts and focuses
3. Retina (photoreceptors)
4. Light causes changes in photopigments
5. Photoreceptors connect with bipolar cells that synapse with retinal ganglion cells (neurons)
6. Retinal ganglion cells fire action potentials
7. Optic nerve
8. Optic chiasm
9. Thalamus (LGN)
10. Optic radiation
11. Primary visual cortex (V1)
12. Secondary visual areas (V2, V3, etc)

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2
Q

What are photoreceptors?

A

They are light sensitive cells not neurons.

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3
Q

Are photoreceptors involved with action potentials?

A

Photoreceptors don’t fire action potentials it is a chemical change instead

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of photoreceptors?

A

Rods and Cones

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5
Q

What are rods useful for?

A

Rods are useful at night

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6
Q

What are cones useful for?

A

Cones are useful for daytime vision and color (3 types of cones for color vision)

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7
Q

What is contralateral crossover in the visual pathway?

A

Left visual field to the right hemisphere

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8
Q

When do optic fibers project ipsilaterally in visual pathway?

A

Optic fibers from the temporal half of the retina project ipsilaterally (same side - don’t cross at chiasm)

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9
Q

When do optic fibers project contralaterally in the visual pathway?

A

Optic fibers from the nasal half of the retina cross over at the chiasm (contralateral)

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10
Q

What is the retinogeniculate pathway?

A

When input from both eyes joins together

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11
Q

What is retinotopy?

A

Neighboring regions in the brain respond to adjacent regions in visual space

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12
Q

What is cortical magnification?

A

Center of gaze is over-represented in cortex

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13
Q

How is the visual system organized?

A

Retinoptically (based on space)

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14
Q

What is the Visual Hierarchy?

A

As you go through the visual pathway optimal stimuli increase in complexity and receptive field size (from retina - the cortex)

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15
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

A

V1 is located in the posterior occipital lobe

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16
Q

Where are the secondary visual areas located (V2, V3, etc)?

A

They surround the primary visual cortex

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17
Q

How do lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells respond?

A

They are either on-center (off surround) or off-center (on-surround) cells that respond to light accordingly

18
Q

What is surround inhibition?

A

When receptive fields in the visual cortex are organized so that light in the center of field will activate a cell, while light in the periphery will inhibit it

19
Q

Why have surround inhibition?

A

It sharpens contrast and edge detection

20
Q

What is the fundamental principle of perception?

A

The brain cares about change

21
Q

What does the cortical area, V1 like?

A

Likes oriented lines at various angles

22
Q

What does the cortical area, V4 like?

A

Likes colors and shapes

23
Q

What is V4 responsible for?

A

Color vision

24
Q

What does a lesion to the V4 area cause?

A

Achromatopsia

25
Q

What is achromatopsia?

A

Color blindness (complete lack of color vision or grey scale)

26
Q

What does the cortical visual area MT like?

A

Middle temporal (MT) like motion

27
Q

Where would a lesion that affects the MT area occur?

A

Middle temporal gyrus

28
Q

What does a lesion to the MT area cause?

A

Akinetopsia

29
Q

What is akinetopsia?

A

Motion blindness, an individual sees the world as a series of snapshots and their ability to judge direction and speed of moving objects was impaired

30
Q

What are rods?

A

They are photoreceptors in the retina that are sensitive to low levels of light (night vision) and have a higher density in periphery

31
Q

What are the 3 types of cones

A

Blue, red, and green cones

31
Q

What are the 3 types of cones sensitive to?

A

They are sensitive to different wavelengths of light

31
Q

What are cones?

A

They are photorecpetors in the retina that are in charge of seeing color and have the highest density in fovea (focus of what we’re looking at)

32
Q

What would happen if you only have one type of cone?

A

You wouldn’t see color but you would see changes in brightness

32
Q

How do cones work?

A

Our perception of color is based on the ratio of activated cones

33
Q

What would happen if you only have 2 types of cones?

A

You would be able to see 2 colors

34
Q

What is dichromats?

A

When there aer only 2 types of cones in the retina (usually red or green –> can’t tell the difference between red and green all look the same)

35
Q

What are some of the visual cognitive functions?

A

Spatial localization, detection/discrimination, object recognition, color/texture, motion cues, depth perception, and navigation

36
Q

Where are all the multi-sensory areas located?

A

STS (temporal), parietal, frontal, superior colliculus

37
Q

How does multimodal perception work?

A

Weak responses can sum together and spatial/temporal synchrony is important

38
Q

What is synesthesia?

A

Mixing of 2 senses (ex: colored letters, seeing music, tasting words)

39
Q

What is some research that can be conducted on synesthesia?

A

Behavioral: Stroop test
fMRI: more activation in V4 (color) and STS (multimodal)
DTI: greater white matter connectivity compared to controls

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