Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cognitive Neuroscience > Chapter 3 (Methods) > Flashcards

Chapter 3 (Methods) Flashcards

1
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

Study of mental activity as an information processing problem

Perceptions, thoughts and actions depend on internal transformations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Correlation vs Causation

A

Correlation - relationship between 2 variables
Causation - change in one variable causes a change in the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is chronometrics?

A

Reaction time is proportional to mental processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Amyloid plaques, analyzed post mortem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the Stroop effect?

A

Stroop effect - delay in reaction time due to multiple stimuli
Stroop test - say the color of the font each word is printed in
Worse at task when word and color are mismatched (interference)
- Physical color of text (task-relevant)
- Color concept/meaning (irrelevant to task)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Posner vowels/consonants experiment

A

Task - raise left hand for same (2 vowel, 2 consonant) raise right hand for different
Steps (encode, compare, decide, respond)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Basic uses of eye-tracking

A

Use eye movements/ gaze patterns to tap into mental processes.

Where are they looking, do they return to previous locations, how frequently do they make saccades (where we move our eyes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Purpose of computer modeling

A

Use computers as a metaphor for the brain in order to study human cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Limitations of computer modeling

A

Simplification of nervous system
Not biological
Small in scale, narrow problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Intracellular Recording

A

Tip of microelectrode is inserted inside cell, so membrane potential can be measured. Invasive. Thin electrode inserted into cortex.
- Graded membrane potentials
- Very difficult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Extracellular Recording

A

Allows investigator to record discharges of single neuron without impalement.
- action potentials (“spikes”)
- more common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Relevance of a neuron’s baseline activity

A

Neurons are constantly active
Need to use baseline activity as a control for stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a receptive field

A

Location in space for which neuron is responsive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Limitations of single cell recording

A

Invasive, poor spatial coverage, a single neuron is not representative of the whole brain/region, not humans, not causal (unless lesion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are animal lesions used for?

A

Used to see how neural structure contributes to task - if a part of brain removed, is the performance on task impaired?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What techniques can be used for animal lesions?

A

Aspirate tissue: destroy brain structure via suction

Electrolytic lesion: similar, using electrical charge

Neurochemical Lesion: designed to damage specific cells types only.

Reversible lesion: Cooling, pharmacological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a single dissociation?

A

Damage to one particular area of the brain (area X) impairs the ability to do task A, but not task B (you are dissociating task B from area X)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a double dissociation?

A

Damage to area X impairs the ability to do task A but not task B. Damage to area Y impairs ability to do task B but not task A.

19
Q

Can damage to a brain region tell you if it’s necessary and/or sufficient for a cognitive function?

A

No b/c of the HM model 1 was damaged but no impact on memory unless both were affected.

20
Q

What are genetic manipulations in animals?

A

Goal: find genetic basis for brain disorders.
Approach: produce genetic alterations in animals

21
Q

What does it mean to “knockout” rodents?

A

“knockout” mice where you replace gene and see how it affects their behavior - measure freezing behavior.

22
Q

What is TMS?

A

“Virtual Lesions”
- same logic as neuropsychology

23
Q

What is PET?

A

Measures local variations in cerebral blood flow (mostly replaced by fMRI)

24
Q

Difference between fMRI and MRI

A

MRI studies brain anatomy while fMRI studies brain function

25
Q

How does MRI work?

A

Applies a powerful magnetic field which makes protons parallel to field.
Then a radio frequency (RF) perturbs them and then they rebound to the MRI magnetic field.

26
Q

What does MRI measure?

A

How long it takes protons to rebound (by detecting energy released)

27
Q

How does fMRI work?

A

Focuses on oxygenated vs deoxygenated blood. More active brain area leads to more oxygen flowing through blood.

28
Q

What does BOLD mean.

A

Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent signal indirect measure of neural activity. The greater the neural activity, the higher the blood flow, the greater the fMRI signal

29
Q

What does fMRI measure?

A

Measures the time course of this process of oxygen absorption by looking at changes in BOLD overtime

30
Q

fMRI advantages

A

High spatial resolution
Simultaneous coverage of whole brain
Non-invasive

31
Q

fMRI limitations

A

Poor temporal resolution
Need lots of data
Purely correlational

32
Q

What is a voxel?

A

a three-dimensional square or rectangular chunk of brain tissue called a volume element

33
Q

What is an EEG?

A

electrodes on scalp record electrical signals

34
Q

What is ERP?

A

A type of EEG analysis
Activity related to sensory, motor, cognitive events

35
Q

EEG/ERP advantages

A

Great temporal resolution, inexpensive, accessible, non-invasive

36
Q

EEG/ERP limitations

A

Poor spatial resolution, challenges in localizing source (inverse problem)

37
Q

EEG vs MEG

A

MEG (magnetic) is a slightly different version of EEG (electrical) that solves the inverse problem and has better spatial localization

38
Q

Limitations of MEG

A

more expensive, less accessible

39
Q

What is ECoG?

A

Intracranial EEG (electrodes placed directly in/on brain)

40
Q

ECoG advantages

A

Excelled temporal and spatial resolution, recording directly from brain in humans

41
Q

ECoG limitations

A

Extremely invasive, no experimental control

42
Q

What are the uses for TMS?

A

Functional localization/specialization, Timing and Combining with neuroimaging

43
Q

What do DTI/DWI measure?

A

Use MRI to measure diffusion of water through axons

Cognitive Neuroscience (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions