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1
Q

What cortical regions are involved in motor control?

A

Primary motor area (M1)
Premotor cortex (PMC)
Supplementary motor area
Parietal reach areas

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2
Q

What are effectors?

A

Parts of the body that can move

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3
Q

What are examples of effectors in the body?

A

Arms, legs, head, neck, tongue

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4
Q

What do muscles do?

A

They control the effectors

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5
Q

How are muscles arranged?

A

They are arranged in pairs
Agonist and Antagonist muscles (extensor and flexor)

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6
Q

What are alpha motor neurons?

A

They control muscles

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7
Q

What is involved in the stretch reflex (cycle)?

A
  • Sensory signal stretch
  • Spinal cord (dorsal root)
  • Alpha motor neuron
  • Contract quadriceps muscle
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8
Q

What does the stretch reflex do?

A

Helps maintain the stability of limbs

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9
Q

What are reflexes?

A

The simplest form of motor control - DON’T NEED BRAIN

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10
Q

What does decussate mean?

A

When axons cross over to the other side so each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body

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11
Q

What is the corticospinal tract/pyramidal tract?

A

1) Motor cortex
2) Midbrain
3) Medulla - axons cross over at the medullary pyramids
4) Spinal cord

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12
Q

What is the lowest level of the motor hierarchy?

A

Spinal cord

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13
Q

What is the highest level of the motor hierarchy?

A

Prefrontal and parietal cortex

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14
Q

What is the prefrontal and parietal cortex involved in?

A

Intentions to do actions (planning)

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15
Q

What is the primary motor area involved with?

A

Tells the muscles what to do

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16
Q

How is the primary motor area arranged?

A

By a somatotopic map (motor homunculus)
- organized according to body part

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17
Q

How is the primary motor area organized?

A

Has a contralateral organization (left brain controls right side of body)

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18
Q

What are the secondary motor areas?

A

Pre-motor cortex (PMC) - lateral
Supplementary motor area (SMA) - medial

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19
Q

What do the secondary motor areas do?

A

They plan voluntary actions

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20
Q

Where are the association motor areas?

A

Parietal cortex

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21
Q

What are the association motor areas involved in?

A

Planning

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22
Q

Which brain region is involved in simple movements (fMRI study)?

A

Primary motor cortex

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23
Q

Which brain regions are involved in complex movements (fMRI study)?

A

Primary and supplementary motor areas

24
Q

Which brain area is involved in imagining movements (fMRI study)?

25
What did applying TMS over the motor cortex in the TMS study do?
Movement was halted or the wrong key was pressed
26
What did applying TMS over SMA in the TMS study do?
The effect was the same but delayed
27
What is the difference between the Premotor Area and the Supplementary Motor Area?
PMC: - Externally-guided movement - Connections with parietal lobe SMA: - Internally-guided movement - Connections with frontal lobe
28
What are the similarities between the Premotor Area and the Supplementary Motor Area?
They both are involved in motor planning
29
What are the 3 subcortical motor structures?
Brainstem Cerebellum Basal Ganglia
30
What does the brainstem do?
Controls face/reflexes (breathing, eating, eye movements, facial expressions, etc.) 12 cranial nerves
31
What does the cerebellum do?
Balance and Hand-eye coordination Works ipsilaterally (same side)
32
What are the 5 parts of the Basal Ganglia involved in action?
1. Caudate nucleus - make up striatum 2. Putamen - make up striatum 3. Globus pallidus 4. Subthalamic nucleus 5. Substantia nigra
33
What does the Basal Ganglia do?
Selecting and initiating actions
34
How to M1 neurons code?
M1 neurons code for direction of movement
35
What is a population vector?
Summed activity over all neurons
36
What do M1 neurons tell us?
Individual neurons have preferred directions Cells represent planned movement before execution of movement
37
What is the Human Brain-Machine Interface (BMI)?
Its an array of microelectrodes implanted into motor cortex and BMI is trained by imagining different movements
38
What is hemiplegia?
Loss of voluntary movement on 1 side
39
Where is the damage that causes hemiplegia?
Primary motor cortex (contralateral M1)
40
What is apraxia?
Loss of skilled action (motor planning, not muscle) Coordination problem
41
Where is the damage that causes apraxia?
Parietal damage (left hemisphere) or secondary motor area damage
42
What is ideomotor apraxia?
When they have a rough sense of the desired action but have problems executing it
43
What is ideational apraxia?
It is more severe; there is a disrupted knowledge of action (appropriate use of tool)
44
What does the neocerebellum do?
Motor planning
45
What does the spinocerebellum do?
Motor execution
46
What does the vestibulocerebellum do?
Balance and eye movements
47
What is cerebellar ataxia?
Can select and initialize movement Clumsy, irregular, erratic motions Cannot smoothly terminate action
48
What is Parkinson's?
Loss of dopamine neurons in substantia nigra There is less input from basal ganglia to motor cortex which causes a reduction in movement
49
What is bradykinesia?
Slowness in execution of movements
50
What is hypokinesia?
Reduction in voluntary movements
51
What is Huntington's?
Degenerative disease of striatum Loss of inhibition --> too much input to motor cortex --> increase in movement
52
What is an increase in movement called?
Hyperkinesia
53
What is chorea?
Clumsiness, balance problems, increase in involuntary movements
54
What are some treatments for Parkinson's?
L-dopa therapy - synthetic precursor to dopamine Deep brain stimulation therapy - stimulate regions not getting enough dopamine
55
What is the Case of the Frozen Addicts?
Several young people suddenly presented with sever Parkinson's-like symptoms because they had taken a contaminated batch of synthetic heroin that destroyed dopamine cells.
56
What did they find as a result of the Case of the Frozen Addicts?
Treated patients with L-dopa Huge advance in understanding Parkinson's

Cognitive Neuroscience (15 decks)

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