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Cognitive Neuroscience > Action > Flashcards

Action Flashcards

1
Q

What cortical regions are involved in motor control?

A

Primary motor area (M1)
Premotor cortex (PMC)
Supplementary motor area
Parietal reach areas

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2
Q

What are effectors?

A

Parts of the body that can move

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3
Q

What are examples of effectors in the body?

A

Arms, legs, head, neck, tongue

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4
Q

What do muscles do?

A

They control the effectors

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5
Q

How are muscles arranged?

A

They are arranged in pairs
Agonist and Antagonist muscles (extensor and flexor)

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6
Q

What are alpha motor neurons?

A

They control muscles

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7
Q

What is involved in the stretch reflex (cycle)?

A
  • Sensory signal stretch
  • Spinal cord (dorsal root)
  • Alpha motor neuron
  • Contract quadriceps muscle
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8
Q

What does the stretch reflex do?

A

Helps maintain the stability of limbs

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9
Q

What are reflexes?

A

The simplest form of motor control - DON’T NEED BRAIN

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10
Q

What does decussate mean?

A

When axons cross over to the other side so each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body

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11
Q

What is the corticospinal tract/pyramidal tract?

A

1) Motor cortex
2) Midbrain
3) Medulla - axons cross over at the medullary pyramids
4) Spinal cord

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12
Q

What is the lowest level of the motor hierarchy?

A

Spinal cord

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13
Q

What is the highest level of the motor hierarchy?

A

Prefrontal and parietal cortex

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14
Q

What is the prefrontal and parietal cortex involved in?

A

Intentions to do actions (planning)

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15
Q

What is the primary motor area involved with?

A

Tells the muscles what to do

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16
Q

How is the primary motor area arranged?

A

By a somatotopic map (motor homunculus)
- organized according to body part

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17
Q

How is the primary motor area organized?

A

Has a contralateral organization (left brain controls right side of body)

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18
Q

What are the secondary motor areas?

A

Pre-motor cortex (PMC) - lateral
Supplementary motor area (SMA) - medial

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19
Q

What do the secondary motor areas do?

A

They plan voluntary actions

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20
Q

Where are the association motor areas?

A

Parietal cortex

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21
Q

What are the association motor areas involved in?

A

Planning

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22
Q

Which brain region is involved in simple movements (fMRI study)?

A

Primary motor cortex

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23
Q

Which brain regions are involved in complex movements (fMRI study)?

A

Primary and supplementary motor areas

24
Q

Which brain area is involved in imagining movements (fMRI study)?

A

only SMA

25
Q

What did applying TMS over the motor cortex in the TMS study do?

A

Movement was halted or the wrong key was pressed

26
Q

What did applying TMS over SMA in the TMS study do?

A

The effect was the same but delayed

27
Q

What is the difference between the Premotor Area and the Supplementary Motor Area?

A

PMC:
- Externally-guided movement
- Connections with parietal lobe
SMA:
- Internally-guided movement
- Connections with frontal lobe

28
Q

What are the similarities between the Premotor Area and the Supplementary Motor Area?

A

They both are involved in motor planning

29
Q

What are the 3 subcortical motor structures?

A

Brainstem
Cerebellum
Basal Ganglia

30
Q

What does the brainstem do?

A

Controls face/reflexes (breathing, eating, eye movements, facial expressions, etc.)
12 cranial nerves

31
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Balance and Hand-eye coordination
Works ipsilaterally (same side)

32
Q

What are the 5 parts of the Basal Ganglia involved in action?

A
  1. Caudate nucleus - make up striatum
  2. Putamen - make up striatum
  3. Globus pallidus
  4. Subthalamic nucleus
  5. Substantia nigra
33
Q

What does the Basal Ganglia do?

A

Selecting and initiating actions

34
Q

How to M1 neurons code?

A

M1 neurons code for direction of movement

35
Q

What is a population vector?

A

Summed activity over all neurons

36
Q

What do M1 neurons tell us?

A

Individual neurons have preferred directions
Cells represent planned movement before execution of movement

37
Q

What is the Human Brain-Machine Interface (BMI)?

A

Its an array of microelectrodes implanted into motor cortex and BMI is trained by imagining different movements

38
Q

What is hemiplegia?

A

Loss of voluntary movement on 1 side

39
Q

Where is the damage that causes hemiplegia?

A

Primary motor cortex (contralateral M1)

40
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Loss of skilled action (motor planning, not muscle)
Coordination problem

41
Q

Where is the damage that causes apraxia?

A

Parietal damage (left hemisphere) or secondary motor area damage

42
Q

What is ideomotor apraxia?

A

When they have a rough sense of the desired action but have problems executing it

43
Q

What is ideational apraxia?

A

It is more severe; there is a disrupted knowledge of action (appropriate use of tool)

44
Q

What does the neocerebellum do?

A

Motor planning

45
Q

What does the spinocerebellum do?

A

Motor execution

46
Q

What does the vestibulocerebellum do?

A

Balance and eye movements

47
Q

What is cerebellar ataxia?

A

Can select and initialize movement
Clumsy, irregular, erratic motions
Cannot smoothly terminate action

48
Q

What is Parkinson’s?

A

Loss of dopamine neurons in substantia nigra
There is less input from basal ganglia to motor cortex which causes a reduction in movement

49
Q

What is bradykinesia?

A

Slowness in execution of movements

50
Q

What is hypokinesia?

A

Reduction in voluntary movements

51
Q

What is Huntington’s?

A

Degenerative disease of striatum
Loss of inhibition –> too much input to motor cortex –> increase in movement

52
Q

What is an increase in movement called?

A

Hyperkinesia

53
Q

What is chorea?

A

Clumsiness, balance problems, increase in involuntary movements

54
Q

What are some treatments for Parkinson’s?

A

L-dopa therapy - synthetic precursor to dopamine
Deep brain stimulation therapy - stimulate regions not getting enough dopamine

55
Q

What is the Case of the Frozen Addicts?

A

Several young people suddenly presented with sever Parkinson’s-like symptoms because they had taken a contaminated batch of synthetic heroin that destroyed dopamine cells.

56
Q

What did they find as a result of the Case of the Frozen Addicts?

A

Treated patients with L-dopa
Huge advance in understanding Parkinson’s

Cognitive Neuroscience (15 decks)

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