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Cognitive Neuroscience > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory?

A

The outcome of learning

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1
Q

What is learning?

A

The process of acquiring new information

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2
Q

What brain regions were surgically removed in Patient H.M.?

A

Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobes (whole hippocampus)

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3
Q

What did Patient H.M. struggle with before surgery?

A

Epilepsy

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4
Q

What couldn’t H.M. do after surgery?

A

Couldn’t form new long-term memories (anterograde amnesia)

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5
Q

What could H.M. do after surgery?

A
  • Could remember things for a few minutes (short-term memory)
  • Could learn new procedural/implicit memories
  • Intact intelligence/personality
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6
Q

What did we learn from H.M.?

A

Hippocampus/MTL is critical for forming new explicit memories
Different types of memory are supported by different structures

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7
Q

What are the 4 broad types of memory?

A

Long-term memory
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and working memory

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8
Q

What is the time course of sensory memory?

A

Milliseconds to seconds

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9
Q

Do we have conscious awareness of sensory memory?

A

No

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of sensory memory?

A

Visual: Iconic (<200 ms)
Auditory: Echoic (several seconds)

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11
Q

Is sensory memory high or limited capacity?

A

High capacity

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12
Q

What is MMN and MMF?

A

Mismatch negativity (MMN)
Mismatch field (MMF)

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13
Q

What is the difference between MMN and MMF?

A

MMN is associated with ERP
MMF is associated with MEG

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14
Q

What is MMN (or MMF)?

A

They are a neural response to deviant stimuli

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15
Q

What did MMN/MMF tell us

A

After 10s the brain can’t distinguish MMN/MMF from noise
The Echoic memory time course is about 10 seconds

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16
Q

What is Sperling’s partial report task?

A

There is an array of letters flashed very briefly and tones used to indicate which line to report (partial report)

17
Q

What did Sperling’s partial report task tell us?

A

Performance was much better than expected from full report and provided evidence for brief high capacity iconic memory

18
Q

What is the time course for short-term and working memory?

A

Seconds to minutes

19
Q

Do we have conscious awareness of short-term and working memory?

A

Yes

20
Q

Is short-term and working memory high or limited capacity?

A

Limited Capacity (~ 7 items)

21
Q

What is a characteristic of short-term memory?

A

Decays rapidly without rehearsal
Longer than sensory memory but still brief (10 sec - 5 min)

22
Q

What is a characteristic of working memory?

A

Sometimes refers to a more active process (you have to work and working memory)
Maintenance and Manipulation

23
Q

What is a short-term memory test?

A

Forward digit span (memorizing series of digits forwards)

24
Q

What is a working memory test?

A

Backward digit span (memorizing a series of digits backwards)

25
Q

What is the Baddeley-Hitch Model?

A

The idea that there is a 3 part system to WM. There is a central executive which control 2 subordinate systems (Phonological loop -acoustical and Visuospatial sketchpad - visual)

26
Q

What is the phonological loop task?

A

Remembering a string of numbers

27
Q

What is the visuospatial sketchpad task?

A

Remembering colors and locations

28
Q

What is the result of both of these tasks?

A

Combining the 2 task was not that much harder but it is easier to remember 6 colors and 6 numbers than 12 of one type
–> evidence for independent systems

29
Q

What is the PET evidence for multiple WM systems?

A

Verbal and spatial memory tasks activate different brain networks

30
Q

What did Fedorenko et al. 2012 tell us about multiple WM systems?

A

That the behavioral evidence is strong but neural underpinnings need more work

31
Q

What are the 3 hypotheses for the relationship/difference between STM and LTM?

A

Hypothesis l: Info first in STM then transferred to LTM
Hypothesis ll: STM and LTM are the “same” memory system; LTM simply places greater demands on the memory system
Hypothesis lll: STM and LTM are relatively independent learning and memory systems

32
Q

What is one broad piece of evidence toward STM and LTM being independent systems?

A

H.M. had intact STM but impaired LTM

33
Q

What did Patient K.F. tell us?

A

They had left hippocampal damage to cortical areas which led to poor STM and normal LTM

34
Q

What is the relationship between H.M. and K.F?

A

There was a double dissociation of STM/LTM (2 different brain legions and there were opposite deficits)

35
Q

What is the relationship/difference between STM and LTM?

A

Hypothesis lll: STM and LTM are relatively independent learning and memory systems

LTM not just an extension of STM and not just a harder version of STM

36
Q

What brain areas are involved in explicit/declarative memory?

A

Hippocampus, frontal and parietal

37
Q

What brain areas are involved in implicit/non-declarative memory?

A

Basal ganglia (striatum) & other structures

38
Q

What is the water maze-test?

A

Version 1: Platform is in the same spatial location but ball looks different
Version 2: Platform is in different location, but ball is the same

39
Q

Which version is explicit and implicit?

A

Version 1 is explicit and Version 2 is implicit

40
Q

What happened after the rats experienced lesions?

A

Version 1 rats experienced hippocampal lesions and were unable to perform the task
Version 2 rats experienced striatal/BG lesions and were unable to perform the task
Rats could perform opposite task

41
Q

What did this task tell us?

A

Provided more evidence for distinct systems (explicit and implicit)

Cognitive Neuroscience (15 decks)

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