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Cognitive Neuroscience > Neurons and Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neurons and Neuroanatomy Flashcards

Learn parts of the brain...

1
Q

What are neurons?

A

Basic signaling unit of the brain

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of Glial cells?

A

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglial cells, and Schwann cells

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3
Q

What are the 3 parts of a neuron?

A

Cell body, dendrites, axons

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4
Q

Know the steps of neuronal signaling.

A

1) Pre-synaptic cell releases neurotransmitter
2) Neurotransmitter causes change in membrane of post-synaptic cell (depolarization)
3) Currents flow through cell
4) If depolarization is large enough triggers all-or-none action potential
5) Action potential propagates down axon
6) Axon releases neurotransmitter into next synapse

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5
Q

What is depolarization?

A

Cell becomes less negative

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6
Q

What is action potential?

A

Rapid depolarization & repolarization of membrane

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7
Q

What is repolarization

A

Cell returns back to resting negative

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8
Q

What is myelin and what does it do?

A

It is a thick coating along axons that allows action potentials to move super fast.

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9
Q

What are the terms used for describing areas of the brain directionally?

A

Dorsal/Superior, Caudal/Posterior, Rostral/Anterior, Ventral/Inferior, Lateral and Medial

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10
Q

What are the terms used for the top of the brain?

A

Dorsal or Superior

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11
Q

What are the terms used for the bottom of the brain?

A

Ventral or Inferior

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12
Q

What are the terms used for the tail or back of the brain?

A

Caudal or Posterior

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13
Q

What are the terms used for the nose or front of the brain?

A

Rostral or Anterior

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14
Q

What are the terms used to describe the sides and middle of the brain?

A

Lateral and Medial

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15
Q

What are the 3 different cuts of the brain?

A

Transverse/Horizontal, Coronal, and Sagittal

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16
Q

What are the 4 views of the brain?

A

Dorsal (top), Lateral (side), Medial (middle) and Ventral (bottom)

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17
Q

What is the order of ventricles help protect/supply the brain?

A

1) Lateral ventricle
2) Interventricular foramen
3) Third ventricle
4) Cerebral aqueduct
5) Fourth ventricle

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18
Q

What do ventricles do?

A

They contain CSF which allows the brain to float and also regulates pressure and helps with shock absorption.

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19
Q

What arteries contribute to the blood flow/supply in the brain?

A

Anterior Cerebral Artery (front), Left Middle Cerebral Artery (middle), Posterior Cerebral Artery (back)

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20
Q

What is the gyrus?

A

Bumps or hills in the brain

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21
Q

What is the sulcus?

A

Grooves or valleys in the brain

22
Q

What are fissures?

A

Big sulcus

23
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Where cell bodies are including dendrites

24
Q

What is white matter?

A

Where axon tracts are and myelin which is white

25
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Occipital lobe, and Temporal lobe

26
Q

What divides the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe?

A

The Central Sulcus

27
Q

What divides the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe?

A

The Sylvian Fissure

28
Q

Where are the motor cortex and somatosensory cortex located?

A

In the Central Sulcus but the motor cortex is in the pre-central gyrus while the somatosensory cortex is in the post-central gyrus.

29
Q

What does the motor cortex do?

A

Contributes to movement and primary motor function (M1)

30
Q

What does the somatosensory cortex do?

A

Contributes to somatic sensation or feel and primary somatosensory function (S1)

31
Q

What does homunculus mean?

A

Little human

32
Q

Where are the visual areas located?

A

Occipital Lobe
Primary Visual Cortex (V1) located in the middle
Secondary Visual Cortex (V2/V3) located around V1

33
Q

How are the visual areas organized?

A

Retinotopic maps (organized based on space)

34
Q

Where are the auditory areas located?

A

In the auditory cortex which is in the Temporal Lobe
Heschl’s gyrus is where the Primary (A1) & Secondary (A2) are located

35
Q

How are the auditory areas organized?

A

Tonotopic maps (high vs low tones)

36
Q

Where are associated cortices located.

A

The Frontal, Temporal & Parietal Lobe

37
Q

What do association cortices do?

A

Where cognition happens. Integrate sensory and motor, allocating attention, and multiple sensory modalities.

38
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Executive functioning: reasoning, judgment, motor planning and control, memory, impulse control, etc.

39
Q

What does the Thalamus do?

A

It is the gateway to the cortex: sensory relay station, receives input from and sends output to almost entire brain

40
Q

What are the important parts of the thalamus?

A

Medial geniculate nucleus and lateral geniculate nucleus

41
Q

What is the Limbic System?

A

Responsible for processing, learning and memory. Sometimes referred to as the 5th lobe.

42
Q

What is the Hippocampus?

A

It looks like a seahorse and is responsible for memory and learning?

43
Q

What is the important part of the hippocampus?

A

Entorhinal Cortex which communicates with the hippocampus and is how the hippocampus communicates with the rest of the cortex.

44
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia?

A

Circuits for motor control, learning, and cognitive functions and contributes to dopamine pathways.

45
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia composed of?

A

The Neostriatum which is composed of the caudate nucleus and putamen. Globus pallidus, subthalarnic nucleus, and substantia nigra.

46
Q

What makes up the brainstem?

A

Medulla, Pons, and Midbrain

47
Q

What does the midbrain do?

A

Sensory and motor relays, reflexes, and neurotransmitter regulation

48
Q

What do the medulla and pons do?

A

Cranial nerves synapse in pons and it also contributes to sleep cycle’s. Also, motor, sensory, vestibular, arousal.

49
Q

What does the Cerebellum do?

A

It covers the midbrain, brainstem, etc. and helps with posture, walking balance, smooth coordinated movements.

50
Q

Where are the brainstem and cerebellum located?

A

Back of the brain

51
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Where 2 neurons meet

Cognitive Neuroscience (15 decks)

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