Language

Question 1

What does mental lexicon mean?

Answer 1

Mental store of information about words

Question 2

What does orthographic mean?

Answer 2

Visual representation of word

Question 3

What does phonological mean?

Answer 3

Sound-based representation of word

Question 4

What does morpheme mean?

Answer 4

Smallest unit of language that has meaning (root words, prefixes, suffixes)

Question 5

What does phoneme mean?

Answer 5

Smallest unit of sound that makes a difference to meaning

Question 6

What does semantic mean?

Answer 6

Meaning of words

Question 7

What does syntactic mean?

Answer 7

How words are combined to form sentences (syntax)

Question 8

What does grammar mean?

Answer 8

Structural rules of particular language

Question 9

What does prosody mean?

Answer 9

Rhythm, pitch, intonation of speech (how we say stuff)

Question 10

What is a challenge for speakers?

Answer 10

How to produce different sounds

Question 11

What is a challenge for listeners?

Answer 11

How to segment sounds into words

Question 12

What is the segmentation problem?

Answer 12

How to segment sounds into words

Question 13

What is parsing?

Answer 13

How to segment sentences in meaningful way

Question 14

How do we recognize words?

Answer 14

Visual features –> letters/word forms

Question 15

What is the word superiority effect?

Answer 15

When participants do better when a real world is presented as the stimulus

Question 16

When does the word superiority effect occur?

Answer 16

When the word later influences earlier steps (letter and feature layer)

Question 17

What is another way we recognize words?

Answer 17

Orthographic –> phonetic –> word meaning
You can also go straight from orthographic to word meaning and skip phonetic

Question 18

What are aphasias?

Answer 18

• Deficit in language comprehension/production
• Neurological damage
• Affects both spoken and written language

Question 19

What are the 4 different types of aphasias?

Answer 19

Non-fluent Aphasia
Fluent Aphasia
Conduction Aphasia
Anomia

Question 20

What is non-fluent aphasia?

Answer 20

• Deficit in producing words
• Choppy, single-utterance speech

Question 21

Where is the damage that causes non-fluent aphasia?

Answer 21

Damage to left inferior frontal lobe
Broca’s Area

Question 22

What is fluent aphasia?

Answer 22

• Deficit in understanding language
• Fluent speech, normal syntax, but nonsensical
• Word salad

Question 23

Where is the damage that causes fluent aphasia?

Answer 23

Damage to more posterior region
Wernicke’s Area

Question 24

What does the difference between Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasia tell us?

Answer 24

Different components of language can be selectively impaired

Question 25

What is the difference between Broca’s and Wernicke’s?

Answer 25

Broca:
- Non-fluent speech
- Poor sentence construction
- Few function words
- Awareness of condition but comprehension varies

Wernicke
- Fluent speech
- Little meaning
- Made-up content words
- No awareness of condition

Question 26

What are the 3 main tests to classify aphasias?

Answer 26

Spontaneously speaking
Repeating
Listening for comprehension

Question 27

What is anomia?

Answer 27

• Form of aphasia
  
  • Inability to recall words/name things
  • Speech: fluent, circumlocution

Question 28

What is conduction aphasia?

Answer 28

• Intact comprehension
• Can produce fluent speech but have trouble with producing spontaneous speech
• Often errors in speech
• Problems repeating speech

Question 29

Where is the damage that causes conduction aphasia?

Answer 29

Damage to arcuate fascicules (pathway from Wernicke’s to Broca’s)

Question 30

What does the Lichtheim Model tell us about models of language?

Answer 30

Damage at different places in pathway causes different deficits