Learning and Memory 2 Flashcards
What are the 2 types of long-term memory?
Declarative and non-declarative memory
What is declarative memory?
Knowledge with conscious access (a question you can answer explicitly)
What is non-declarative memory?
Knowledge with no conscious access (implicit)
What are the 2 types of declarative memory?
Episodic and Semantic memory
What is episodic memory?
Events we recall about our own lives
What is semantic memory?
Facts/world knowledge
What are the 3 types of non-declarative memory?
Procedural memory, perceptual priming, conditioned learning
What is procedural memory?
Motor/cognitive skills (riding a bike)
What is perceptual priming?
Faster responses to things previously seen
What is conditioned learning?
Learned associations/responses
What is the mirror-drawing task?
You have to draw a star while looking in a mirror.
What does the mirror drawing task show?
Showed procedural memory and that most people get better at the task without realizing it (H.M.)
What did the serial reaction time task show?
Showed implicit learning without explicit awareness
Demonstrates procedural memory
What is priming?
The change in the response to a stimulus or in the ability to identify a stimulus as the result of prior exposure to that stimulus?
What is perceptual priming?
Faster or more accurate response for previously seen words
What is classical conditioning?
Conditioned stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus to eventually give a response on its own
What are the stages of memory?
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
What is encoding?
The processing of incoming information to be stored
What are the 2 steps involved in encoding?
Acquisition: registering sensory inputs
Consolidation: creating a stronger stored representation
What is storage?
Permanent record of the information
What is retrieval?
Utilizing stored information to recall conscious memory or execute learned behavior
What are the parallels between attention and memory?
What we perceive is not necessarily what we see AND what we remember is not necessarily what we saw
Why do false memories occur?
Failure in encoding (insufficient memory separation)
Failure in retrieval (low criteria for accepting a memory as true)
What are forgotten memories?
They are also failures of storage (decay or interference of representations)
What is amnesia?
Deficit in memory as a function of brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma
What are the 2 types of amnesia?
Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia
What is retrograde amnesia?
Loss of previous knowledge from before event
What is anterograde amnesia?
Inability to form new memories after event
Amnesia is caused by damage to what brain regions?
Bilateral medial temporal lobe (MTL)
What is Korsakoff’s?
It is amnesia associated with alcoholism
Long term alcohol abuse leads to vitamin B deficiency and then brain damage
What is Alzheimer’s?
A degenerative brain disorder that occurs due to the formation of plaques and tangles in the Medial Temporal Lobe
What is the Hippocampus/MTL involved in (memory and learning)?
Encoding and retrieval
Consolidation and ability to acquire long term memories
Where is information retrieved?
Hippocampus is only active during correct recollection but not familiarity
What part of the brain is involved in familiarity?
Perirhinal cortex (PRC)
What is episodic memory?
Binding of items and contexts (AKA Autobiographical memory)
What does the perirhinal cortex (PRC) do?
Represents information about specific items (what, who)
What does the parahippocampal cortex (PHC) do?
Represents information about context (where, when)
What is needed for a full episodic memory?
Need hippocampus
Where is information stored?
Content of memories stored in content-specific regions IN neocortex
What other brain areas are involved in memory?
Frontal Lobes (executive functions, encoding, retrieval)
Parietal Lobes (attention)
Still a continuous area of study
