Learning and Memory 2

Question 1

What are the 2 types of long-term memory?

Answer 1

Declarative and non-declarative memory

Question 2

What is declarative memory?

Answer 2

Knowledge with conscious access (a question you can answer explicitly)

Question 3

What is non-declarative memory?

Answer 3

Knowledge with no conscious access (implicit)

Question 4

What are the 2 types of declarative memory?

Answer 4

Episodic and Semantic memory

Question 5

What is episodic memory?

Answer 5

Events we recall about our own lives

Question 6

What is semantic memory?

Answer 6

Facts/world knowledge

Question 7

What are the 3 types of non-declarative memory?

Answer 7

Procedural memory, perceptual priming, conditioned learning

Question 8

What is procedural memory?

Answer 8

Motor/cognitive skills (riding a bike)

Question 9

What is perceptual priming?

Answer 9

Faster responses to things previously seen

Question 10

What is conditioned learning?

Answer 10

Learned associations/responses

Question 11

What is the mirror-drawing task?

Answer 11

You have to draw a star while looking in a mirror.

Question 12

What does the mirror drawing task show?

Answer 12

Showed procedural memory and that most people get better at the task without realizing it (H.M.)

Question 13

What did the serial reaction time task show?

Answer 13

Showed implicit learning without explicit awareness
Demonstrates procedural memory

Question 14

What is priming?

Answer 14

The change in the response to a stimulus or in the ability to identify a stimulus as the result of prior exposure to that stimulus?

Question 15

What is perceptual priming?

Answer 15

Faster or more accurate response for previously seen words

Question 16

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 16

Conditioned stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus to eventually give a response on its own

Question 17

What are the stages of memory?

Answer 17

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

Question 18

What is encoding?

Answer 18

The processing of incoming information to be stored

Question 19

What are the 2 steps involved in encoding?

Answer 19

Acquisition: registering sensory inputs
Consolidation: creating a stronger stored representation

Question 20

What is storage?

Answer 20

Permanent record of the information

Question 21

What is retrieval?

Answer 21

Utilizing stored information to recall conscious memory or execute learned behavior

Question 22

What are the parallels between attention and memory?

Answer 22

What we perceive is not necessarily what we see AND what we remember is not necessarily what we saw

Question 23

Why do false memories occur?

Answer 23

Failure in encoding (insufficient memory separation)
Failure in retrieval (low criteria for accepting a memory as true)

Question 24

What are forgotten memories?

Answer 24

They are also failures of storage (decay or interference of representations)

Question 25

What is amnesia?

Answer 25

Deficit in memory as a function of brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma

Question 26

What are the 2 types of amnesia?

Answer 26

Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia

Question 27

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 27

Loss of previous knowledge from before event

Question 28

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 28

Inability to form new memories after event

Question 29

Amnesia is caused by damage to what brain regions?

Answer 29

Bilateral medial temporal lobe (MTL)

Question 30

What is Korsakoff’s?

Answer 30

It is amnesia associated with alcoholism

Long term alcohol abuse leads to vitamin B deficiency and then brain damage

Question 31

What is Alzheimer’s?

Answer 31

A degenerative brain disorder that occurs due to the formation of plaques and tangles in the Medial Temporal Lobe

Question 32

What is the Hippocampus/MTL involved in (memory and learning)?

Answer 32

Encoding and retrieval
Consolidation and ability to acquire long term memories

Question 33

Where is information retrieved?

Answer 33

Hippocampus is only active during correct recollection but not familiarity

Question 34

What part of the brain is involved in familiarity?

Answer 34

Perirhinal cortex (PRC)

Question 35

What is episodic memory?

Answer 35

Binding of items and contexts (AKA Autobiographical memory)

Question 36

What does the perirhinal cortex (PRC) do?

Answer 36

Represents information about specific items (what, who)

Question 37

What does the parahippocampal cortex (PHC) do?

Answer 37

Represents information about context (where, when)

Question 38

What is needed for a full episodic memory?

Answer 38

Need hippocampus

Question 39

Where is information stored?

Answer 39

Content of memories stored in content-specific regions IN neocortex

Question 40

What other brain areas are involved in memory?

Answer 40

Frontal Lobes (executive functions, encoding, retrieval)
Parietal Lobes (attention)
Still a continuous area of study