People Of The Planet Flashcards
What are the 5 stages to Rostow’s model
Stage 1: traditional society
Stage 2: Pre-conditions for take off
Stage 3: Take off
Stage 4: Drive to maturity
Stage 5: High mass consumption
Describe stage 1 of the Rostow model
- Traditional society
- economies based upon subsistence (collecting resources for survival, very little to trade)
- dominant employment = primary (agriculture is most important)
- ‘slash and burn’ techniques and a nomadic lifestyle
- economy is vulnerable to disease and climate change
Describe stage 2 of Rostow’s model
- Pre-conditions for take off
- there’s surplus in resources to trade and infrastructure is improving
- Agriculture is still dominant but some secondary industries start to take off
- Government encourages TNCs to invest
Describe stage 3 of Rostow’s model
- Take off
- secondary manufacturing dominates —> industrialisation
- increased wealth = government invests in social schemes (education, health, infrastructure)
- TNCs still dominate the economy —> country is dependent on them to for jobs and investments = exploitation might occur
- people go from primary -> secondary = rural-urban migration
describe stage 4 of Rostow’s model
- Drive to maturity
- country is becoming more self sufficient, economy’s diversifies, not as reliant on foreign investment
- lots of government investments = rapid urbanisation and depopulation of rural areas
- which can cause urban congestion and rural decline
- tertiary and quaternary service jobs start to increase
- primary decreases = cheaper to import from elsewhere
Describe stage 5 of Rostow’s model
- High mass consumerism
- tertiary service = dominant
- secondary decreases = shifts to smaller factories = less environmental impact
- consumption focuses on high value goods (e.g. cars)
How can Rostow’s model help determine Ethiopia’s path of economic development
- Ethiopia = trade deficit and primary employment dominating the population = it is stage 1
- However government investment in TNCs and improving infrastructure makes stage 2 seem more appropriate
- While traditional practises such as nomadic farming still happen, they are being modified with new technology. Improving quality of life. So stage 2 does seem appropriate
What is development
The act or process of change, evolution, maturity, progress’
—> in geography it improves quality of live whilst maintaining social, eco, environment
What is social development
- improving quality of life for people
- improving: literacy levels through access to education, housing conditions, healthcare, reducing infant mortality, increasing life expectancy
What is economic development
- improvements to a countries wealth
- the value of goods, and sector of jobs (primary, secondary…)
What is environmental development
- recognises the importance of nature
- controlling greenhouse emissions and improving water quality
What is sustainable development
- the needs of now are met whilst maintaining resources for the future
- meeting social, economic and environmental needs
What are some social measurements of development
- Birthrate
- Infant mortality
- Doctors per 1000
- Quality of life
- literacy rate
- death rate
- life expectancy
- access to education
What are some economic development indicators
- GDP per capita
- GNI per capita
- Standard of living
- absolute poverty
- employment type
- relative poverty
What is relative poverty
Whether people lack an adequate income compared to the society around them
What is absolute poverty
How many cannot afford their basic human need, such as food safe water and shelter
What is the human development index
It measures life expectancy, education, income per capita and ranks countries based on this
—> 0 being the lowest and 1 being the highest
What is the advantages and disadvantages to GNI as a development indicator
ADV
- show differences between countries and patterns
- can be used to prioritise aid payments
- Easy to calculate using official government figures
DADV
- doesn’t measure life quality or welfare
- doesn’t reflect informal economies which are important to LEDCs
- economic growth can lead to negative impacts on environment
- Doesn’t take into consideration variation of wealth within country
- some data from LEDCs can be unreliable
