People Of The Planet Flashcards
What are the 5 stages to Rostow’s model
Stage 1: traditional society
Stage 2: Pre-conditions for take off
Stage 3: Take off
Stage 4: Drive to maturity
Stage 5: High mass consumption
Describe stage 1 of the Rostow model
- Traditional society
- economies based upon subsistence (collecting resources for survival, very little to trade)
- dominant employment = primary (agriculture is most important)
- ‘slash and burn’ techniques and a nomadic lifestyle
- economy is vulnerable to disease and climate change
Describe stage 2 of Rostow’s model
- Pre-conditions for take off
- there’s surplus in resources to trade and infrastructure is improving
- Agriculture is still dominant but some secondary industries start to take off
- Government encourages TNCs to invest
Describe stage 3 of Rostow’s model
- Take off
- secondary manufacturing dominates —> industrialisation
- increased wealth = government invests in social schemes (education, health, infrastructure)
- TNCs still dominate the economy —> country is dependent on them to for jobs and investments = exploitation might occur
- people go from primary -> secondary = rural-urban migration
describe stage 4 of Rostow’s model
- Drive to maturity
- country is becoming more self sufficient, economy’s diversifies, not as reliant on foreign investment
- lots of government investments = rapid urbanisation and depopulation of rural areas
- which can cause urban congestion and rural decline
- tertiary and quaternary service jobs start to increase
- primary decreases = cheaper to import from elsewhere
Describe stage 5 of Rostow’s model
- High mass consumerism
- tertiary service = dominant
- secondary decreases = shifts to smaller factories = less environmental impact
- consumption focuses on high value goods (e.g. cars)
How can Rostow’s model help determine Ethiopia’s path of economic development
- Ethiopia = trade deficit and primary employment dominating the population = it is stage 1
- However government investment in TNCs and improving infrastructure makes stage 2 seem more appropriate
- While traditional practises such as nomadic farming still happen, they are being modified with new technology. Improving quality of life. So stage 2 does seem appropriate
What is development
The act or process of change, evolution, maturity, progress’
—> in geography it improves quality of live whilst maintaining social, eco, environment
What is social development
- improving quality of life for people
- improving: literacy levels through access to education, housing conditions, healthcare, reducing infant mortality, increasing life expectancy
What is economic development
- improvements to a countries wealth
- the value of goods, and sector of jobs (primary, secondary…)
What is environmental development
- recognises the importance of nature
- controlling greenhouse emissions and improving water quality
What is sustainable development
- the needs of now are met whilst maintaining resources for the future
- meeting social, economic and environmental needs
What are some social measurements of development
- Birthrate
- Infant mortality
- Doctors per 1000
- Quality of life
- literacy rate
- death rate
- life expectancy
- access to education
What are some economic development indicators
- GDP per capita
- GNI per capita
- Standard of living
- absolute poverty
- employment type
- relative poverty
What is relative poverty
Whether people lack an adequate income compared to the society around them
What is absolute poverty
How many cannot afford their basic human need, such as food safe water and shelter
What is the human development index
It measures life expectancy, education, income per capita and ranks countries based on this
—> 0 being the lowest and 1 being the highest
What is the advantages and disadvantages to GNI as a development indicator
ADV
- show differences between countries and patterns
- can be used to prioritise aid payments
- Easy to calculate using official government figures
DADV
- doesn’t measure life quality or welfare
- doesn’t reflect informal economies which are important to LEDCs
- economic growth can lead to negative impacts on environment
- Doesn’t take into consideration variation of wealth within country
- some data from LEDCs can be unreliable
What is the advantages and disadvantages to HDI as a development indicator
ADV
- shows differences and patterns
- it considers wider factors and influences on development (not just wealth)
- shows how wealth can affect welfare
DADV
- focuses on basic measurements, not other important factors
- hides inequalities and doesn’t take into consideration variations
- Data from some LEDCs can be unreliable
What is the advantages and disadvantages to internet users as a development indicator
ADV
- suggests a good infrastructure is in place
DADV
- doesn’t takin in variations and hides inequalities
Reasons for the development gap
- Health
- Education
- Standards of living
What are ACs
Advanced countries
What are EDCs
Emerging developing countries
What are LIDCs
Low-income developing countries
What are the physical factors for uneven development
- Natural resources
- Natural hazards
- location and terrain
- Climate
How can natural resources affect uneven development
- Availability of timber for fuel and construction
- Access to safe water for health
- Minerals and metals for trader energy and manufacturing
- fuel sources such as coal, oil and natural gas
How can climate affect uneven development
- Reliability of rainfall can affect agriculture and create risks of monsoons or droughts
- Extreme climates will limit industry and affect health
- some climates attract tourists
How can location and terrain affect uneven development
- Attractive, aesthetic scenery will attract tourist income
- Steep, mountainous terrain is hard to build on
- landlocked countries will struggle to find trade
How can natural hazards affect uneven development
- Risks of earthquakes and other natural disasters can limit development
- damaging buildings, causing injury, reducing industry farming
- volcanic ash can be beneficial in restoring nutrients in soil
What are some of the human factors affecting development
- politics (democracy, trade and war corruption)
- culture (tradition societies rejecting goods)
- technology (electricity and railways)
- healthcare (access to vaccines and disease)
- History (colonisation and industrialisation)
What is Aid
When a country, organisation or individual gives resources to another country
What are the different types of Aid
- Multilateral aid
- Bilateral aid
- Voluntary aid
- Official government aid
What is Government aid
Given from one government to another directly; the receiving government then controls the spending
What is voluntary aid
Given by individuals to NGOs or charities who direct aid to the right place
What is Bilateral aid
The receiving country has to give something back
What is multilateral aid
Provided by many countries and organised by an organisation like the UN
Why is water an important actor for settlements
Provides
- opportunities for trade
- water supply
- waste disposal
What is a mega city
A city with a population of over 10 million
What’s a world city
A city that’s considered to be an important hub in the global economic system
What are some of the characteristics of world cities
- headquarters for multinational companies
- A centre for innovation, business, media, communications and manufacturing
- integration into the global economy
What us the global pattern of urban growth
- urbanisation is more rapid in EDCs and LIDCs
What are the causes of rapid urbanisation in LIDCs
- rural-urban migration: people being drawn from the rural areas to live in cities
- Internal growth: people moving into cities have lots of children
What are the Push factors of Rural-Urban migration
- Employment in rural areas have limited wages
- Rural areas have poorer infrastructure and services
What are the pull factors for rural- urban migration
- better wages
- better infrastructure
- better transportation in city
What are the consequences of rapid urban growth in LIDCs
- increased demand for investments that cannot be met
- growth and development may begin to slow as a result
